Deer Exclusion Devices and Deterrent Techniques

EVALUATION OF THE EFFICACY OF VARIOUS DEER EXCLUSION DEVICES AND DETERRENT TECHNIQUES FOR USE AT AIRPORTS

By

Gregory Z. Katona — Rolph A. Davis — Gary F. Searing

LGL LIMITED
environmental research associates
P.O. Box 280, 22 Fisher St.
King City, Ontario L7B 1A6
905-833-1244, kingcity@lgl.com

For

Aerodrome Safety Branch
Transport Canada
Place de Ville, Tower C 330 Sparks St.
Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0N8

LGL Report No. TA2435-1

March 31, 2000

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. Executive Summary
2. Introduction
3. Deer Behaviour
4. Review Methodology
5. Habitat Modification
6. Deer Exclusion Techniques
   1. Electric Fencing
      1. Livestock Electric Fence Designs
      2. Temporary Crop Protection Electric Fence Designs
         • Peanut Butter Fence
         • Polytape Electric Fence
      3. Permanent Electric Fence Designs
         • Outrigger Fence
         • ElectroBraidT Fence
         • Offset or Double Fence - New Hampshire Fence
         • Overhanging, Slanted or Sloping Electric Deer Fence Designs
         • Vertical High-Tensile Electric Fences
   2. Non-Electric Fencing
      1. Galvanized Steel Chain-Link Fencing
      2. High-Tensile Fixed-Knot Fencing
      3. Slanted or Overhanging Steel Fencing
      4. Plastic Mesh Deer Control Fencing
      5. Barrier Accessory Equipment
   3. Deer Removal Methods
      1. One-way Gates
      2. Deer Jump Ramps
      3. Shooting
      4. Chemical Immobilization
      5. Live Traps
      6. Drive-netting
      7. Required Permits
7. Deer Deterrent Techniques
   1. Auditory Deterrents
      1. Shotguns with Live Ammunition
      2. Pyrotechnics
      3. Gas Cannons and "Exploders"
      4. Av-Alarm
      5. Ultrasonic Devices
      6. Visual Deterrents
   2. Other Techniques
8. Population Control
9. Infrared Early Warning Devices
10. Summary and Recommendations
    1. Highly Recommended
    2. Limited Recommendation
    3. Not Recommended
    4. Conclusion
11. Acknowledgements
12. List of Suppliers
13. Literature Cited