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THE EARTH'S ATMOSPHERE
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1
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Composition and Physical Properties
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2
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Vertical Structures
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3
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The Standard Atmosphere
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4
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Density and Pressure
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5
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Mobility
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Expansion and Compression
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ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE
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1
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Pressure Measurements
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2
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Station Pressure
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3
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Sea Level Pressure
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4
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Pressure System and their Variations
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5
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Effects of Temperature
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Isobars
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7
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Horizontal Pressure Differences
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METEOROLOGICAL ASPECTS OF ALTIMETRY
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1
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Pressure Altitude
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2
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Density Altitude
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3
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Altimeter Settings
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4
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Considerations when Flying from High to Low Pressure and Temperature Areas, and vice versa
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TEMPERATURE
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1
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Temperature Scale - Fahrenheit/Celsius
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2
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Heating/Cooling of the Atmosphere - Convection/Advection/Radiation
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3
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Horizontal Differences
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4
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Temperature Variations with Altitude
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5
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Inversions
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Isothermal Layers
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MOISTURE
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1
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Relative Humidity/Dewpoint
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2
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Change of State
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3
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Sublimation/Condensation
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4
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Cloud Formation
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5
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Precipitation
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Saturated/Dry Adiabatic Lapse Rate
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STABILITY AND INSTABILITY
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1
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Lapse Rate and Stability
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2
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Modification of Stability
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3
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Characteristics of Stable/Unstable Air
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4
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Surface Heating/Cooling
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5
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Lifting Processes
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Subsidence/Convergence
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CLOUDS
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1
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Classification
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2
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Formation and Structure
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3
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Types and Recognition
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4
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Associated Precipitation and Turbulence
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SURFACE BASED LAYERS
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1
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Fog Formation
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2
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Fog Types (Including Mist)
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3
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Haze/Smoke
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4
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Blowing Obstruction to Vision
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TURBULENCE
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1
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Convection
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2
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Mechanical
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3
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Orographic
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4
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Wind Shear
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5
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Clear Air Turbulence
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Reporting Criteria
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WIND
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1
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Definition
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2
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Pressure Gradient
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3
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Deflection Caused by the Earth's Rotation
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4
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Low Level Winds - Variation in Surface Wind
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5
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Friction
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Centrifugal Force
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7
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Veer/Back
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8
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Squall/Gusts
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9
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Diurnal Effects
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10
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Land/Sea Breezes
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11
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Katabatic/Anabatic Effects
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12
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Topographical Effects
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13
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Wind Shear - Types/Causes
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14
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Jet Stream - Composition/Altitude/Seasonal Variance
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AIR MASSES
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1
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Definition and Characteristics
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2
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Formation/Classification
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3
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Modification
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4
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Factors that Determine Weather
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5
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Seasonal/Geographic Effects
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Air Masses Affecting North America
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FRONTS AND FRONTAL WEATHER
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1
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Structure
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2
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Types
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3
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Formation
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4
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Cross-sections
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5
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Frontogenesis/Frontolysis
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Cold Front
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7
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Warm Front
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8
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TROWAL and Upper Fronts
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AIRCRAFT ICING
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1
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Formation
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2
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In-flight - Freezing Rain
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3
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Hoar Frost
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THUNDERSTORMS
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1
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Requirements for Development
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2
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Structure/Development
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3
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Types - Air Mass/Frontal
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4
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Hazards - Updrafts/Downdrafts/Gust Fronts/Downbursts/ Microbursts/Hail/Lightning
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5
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Squall Lines
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HURRICANES AND TORNADOES
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1
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Hazards
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METEOROLOGICAL SERVICES AVAILABLE TO PILOTS
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1
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Flight Information Centres (FIC)
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2
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Aviation Weather Web Site
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3
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Pilot's Automatic Telephone Weather Answering Service (PATWAS)
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4
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Automatic Terminal Information Service (ATIS)
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5
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VOLMET (HF) Broadcast
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AVIATION WEATHER REPORTS
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1
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Decoding
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2
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Aviation Routine Weather Report (METAR)
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3
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Automated Weather Observation Station (AWOS)
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4
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Limited Weather Information System (LWIS)
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AVIATION FORECASTS
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1
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Times Issued and Validity Periods
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2
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Decoding
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3
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Graphic Area Forecasts (GFA)
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4
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Aerodrome Forecasts (TAF)
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5
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Upper Wind and Temperature Forecasts (FD)
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Airman's Meteorological Advisory (AIRMET)
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7
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Significant In-flight Weather Warning Messages (SIGMET)
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WEATHER MAPS AND PROGNOSTIC CHARTS
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1
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Times Issued and Validity Period
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2
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Symbols and Decoding
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3
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Surface Weather Charts (Analysis & Prognostic)
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4
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Upper Air Charts - Weather Information to 500 mb Level
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5
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Significant Weather Prognostic Chart (Upper Air) 700-400 mb
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PILOT REPORTS
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1
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Pilot Reports (PIREP)
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