Chapter 5 - Master Mariner
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- 5.1 General requirements
- 5.2 Validity of certificates
- 5.3 Communications – Level 1 (Examination Code: COM 1)
- 5.4 Communications - Level 2 (Examination Code: COM 2)
- 5.5 Celestial Navigation – Level 2 (Examination Code: ASTRO 2)
- 5.6 Navigation Systems and Instruments (Examination Code: NS/I)
- 5.7 Deviascope (Examination Code: DEV)
- 5.8 Navigation Safety – Level 2 (Examination Code: NS 2)
- 5.9 Meteorology – Level 2 (Examination Code: MET 2)
- 5.10 Ship Management – level 3 (Examination Code: SM 3)
- 5.11 Ship Management – level 4 (Examination Code: SM 4)
- 5.12 Ship Construction and Stability – Level 4 (Examination Code: SCS 4)
- 5.13 Ship Construction and Stability – Level 5 (Examination Code: SCS 5)
- 5.14 Cargo – Level 3 (Examination Code: CG 3)
- 5.15 Engineering Knowledge (Examination Code: EK 2)
- 5.16 Simulated Electronic Navigation – Management Level (Examination Code: SIM II)
- 5.17 Oral examination on General Seamanship (Examination Code: MM-O)
General
5.1 General requirements
The general requirements for a certificate as Master Mariner are listed in section 123 of the Marine Personnel Regulations.
5.2 Validity of certificates
The holder of this certificate may act as Master of a vessel of any tonnage engaged on an unlimited, a near coastal or sheltered waters voyage. Syllabuses of Examinations
5.3 Communications – Level 1 (Examination Code: COM 1)
- The examination consists of multiple-choice questions and is subdivided in Part 1 and Part 2.
- For Part 1, the following publications are provided:
- International Code of Signals;
- Radio Aids to Marine Navigation;
- Annual Edition of Notices to Mariners.
- No publications is permitted for Part 2.
- The examination of Part 1 is of an one hour duration and the examination of Part 2 is of an one hour duration.
- The examinations are based upon:
| Subject | Knowledge required |
|---|---|
| Competence: | Transmit and receive information by visual signaling |
| Ability to use the International Code of Signals |
International Code flags Recognition of the International Code flags and pendants, substitutes flags and answering pendants; Action to take when signals are not understood; How the end of a signal is indicated; The use of identity signals; How to signal azimuth or bearing, course, date, latitude, longitude, distance, speed, time. The significance of the arrangement of the Code into:
|
| Ability to use publications | Use of Radio Aids to Marine Navigation for ascertaining facilities and services; Use of Annual Edition of Notices to Mariners. |
5.4 Communications - Level 2 (Examination Code: COM 2)
- The examination consists of:
- Reading Morse flashing light at a speed of four words per minute or producing to the examiner a certificate of completion for an approved course;
- Satisfying the examiner of ability to send Morse by flashing light; and
- Multiple-choice questions on English language and Standard Marine Navigational Vocabulary.
- The examination is: for subsection a) and b) of an unlimited duration; for subsection c) of an hour duration.
- The examinations are based upon:
| Subject | Knowledge required |
|---|---|
| Competence: | Transmit and receive information by visual signaling |
| Ability to transmit and receive signals by Morse light | Morse symbols for the alphabet and numerals; Send and receives Morse signals by flashing light at a rate of a least 15 characters per minute; Lists the parts of a signal made by flashing as the call, the identity, the text, the ending; Demonstrates the procedure for sending a message to an unknown ship in plain language or in code; Correctly uses the “erase” signal when sending or receiving; Correctly uses the “repeat” signal; Correctly uses the repetition signals AA, AB, WA, WB, and BN; Explains the use of the waiting signal; Demonstrates the uses of the procedures signals C, N, RQ and states that they cannot be used with single-letter signals; Meaning and explains the use of YU, YV, YZ; Recommendations on sound signalling; List the single-letter signals which may be sounded only in compliance with the requirements of the International Regulations for preventing collisions at sea; Distress signal when made by flashing light. |
| Competence: | Use the standard Marine Navigational Vocabulary as replaced by the IMO Standard Marine Communication Phrases and use of English in written and oral form |
| Adequate knowledge and understanding of the English language, including the ability to use and understand the Standard Marine Navigational Vocabulary as replaced by the IMO Standard Marine Communication Phrases |
English language Use English in written and oral form to:
Use standard Marine Navigational Vocabulary, as replaced by the IMO Standard Marine Communication Phrases. |
5.5 Celestial Navigation – Level 2 (Examination Code: ASTRO 2)
- The examination consists of multiple-choice questions on basic principles and practical navigation calculations.
- The examination is of a three hours duration.
- The examination is based upon:
| Subject | Knowledge required |
|---|---|
| Competence: | Plan and conduct a passage and determine position |
| Knowledge of basic nautical astronomy |
Solar system Composition and dimensions of the solar system; Ability to identify planets useful for navigation; The earth’s elliptical orbit; The eccentricity of the earth’s orbit; The inclination of the earth’s axis to the plane of the orbit and the stability of the axis and how it causes seasons; The dates of the solstices and equinoxes; The concept of the earth’s axial rotation giving day and night; The varying length of daylight through the year; Daylight and darkness conditions in various latitudes at the solstices and equinoxes; The significance of the tropics of Cancer and Capricorn of the Arctic and Antarctic circles Celestial sphere and equinoctial system of co-ordinates Definition of the celestial sphere; The apparent annual motion of the sun and the concept of the ecliptic; Definition of celestial poles, celestial meridians, equinoctial and the obliquity of the ecliptic; The equinoctial as a fixed reference plane and the direction of the First Point of Aries as a reference direction; The equinoctial system of co-ordinates and definition of sidereal hour angle, declination and polar distance; Ability to extract information from the star diagrams in the Nautical Almanac. Hour angle The concept of the earth’s axial rotation causing change in the hour angle of bodies; Definition of Greenwich Hour Angle (GHA), Local Hour Angle (LHA) and longitude, and ability to explain their relationship; The rate of change of GHA of the sun and Aries; The tabulation of SHA, GHA and declination (and “d” and “v” corrections) in the Nautical Almanac for all celestial bodies; Ability to determine the geographical position of a body for any given GMT. Daily motion and horizontal system of co-ordinates Definition of rational horizon, zenith, and nadir; Definition of vertical circle and prime vertical circle; Definition of elevated pole and depressed pole; Ability to prove that the altitude of the elevated pole is equal to the observer’s altitude; Definition of the observer’s upper and lower celestial meridian; Ability to identify the apparent daily path of all bodies; Definition of true altitude, azimuth and true zenith distance; The relationship between azimuth, quadrantal bearings and 360° notation bearing; Ability to recognize rising and setting points and definition of amplitude; The meaning of the term circumpolar, and the conditions necessary for a body to be circumpolar; The condition necessary for a body to cross the prime vertical; The parts of the PZX triangle; Ability to draw figures on the plane of the rational horizon and of the observer’s celestial meridian, using the equidistant projection to illustrate navigational problems and principles |
| Ability to use celestial bodies to determine the ship’s position |
Sextant and altitude corrections Definition of sextant altitude; Ability to demonstrate how to use a sextant; Ability to correct a sextant into which has been introduced one or more of error of perpendicularity, side error or index error; Ability to find the index error of the sextant by the horizon; How to find the index error of the sextant by the sun and stars; Ability to use the sextant for taking vertical and horizontal angles; The purpose of altitude correction; Definition of visible, sensible and rational horizon; Definition of observed latitude and true altitude; Definition of dip, refraction, semi-diameter and parallax and explain their causes; Apply index error; Apply the corrections for the items listed in the above objectives and explain the factors determining their magnitude; Ability to illustrate the effect of terrestrial refraction on the dip and distance of the sea horizon; Correct an altitude using tables in the Nautical Almanac, including reference to critical tables, interpolation tables and low-altitude correction tables; Obtain the true zenith distance from the true altitude of the body. Amplitudes Ability to determine the observed altitude of the sun when the true altitude is zero; The effect of latitude on the accuracy of amplitude observations; Ability to calculate the LAT and LMT on the theoretical and visible rising and setting of the sun; Ability to extract the information from the tabulation of the rising and setting of the sun in the Nautical Almanac. Time and equation of time Definition of the apparent solar day and what is the relationship between LHA (sun) and LAT; Definition of the sidereal day and what is a fixed interval; The reasons for the sun’s irregular rate of change of SHA and the necessity to adopt the astronomical mean sun for timekeeping purposes; Definition of the equation of time (ET) and its components; Ability to determine the ET from the Almanac and its sign of application; Definition of GMT, LMT and longitude; Definition of zone times and standard times; How to alter the ship’s time during a passage with increasing or decreasing longitude; The use of time signals; Nautical Almanac The information contained in general in the Nautical Almanac and in detail in the daily pages; Ability to use the tables of corrections and incremental corrections in the Nautical Almanac; Ability to find the LHA of a body, given the date, GMT and longitude of the observer; The importance of the First Point of Aries; Ability to find the LHA of Aries, given the date, GMT and longitude of the observer; What is meant by the sidereal hour angle of a star and obtain it from the Nautical Almanac; Derive the LHA of a star from the LHA of Aries and the SHA of the star; Ability to use the information in the Nautical Almanac to obtain the LMT of the meridian passage of a body to the nearest minute and interpolates for the observer’s longitude when necessary. Latitude by meridian altitude Ability to apply the true zenith distance of a body when it is on the observer’s meridian to the declination of the body, to obtain the observer’s latitude; Apply these correctly when the declination and latitude have the same names or have different names; The relationship between the altitude of the elevated pole and the latitude of the observer; What is meant by a circumpolar star, and the terms upper and lower transit; Ability to find the value of the polar distance of the body, using declination; Ability to apply the polar distance to the true altitude of a body at a lower transit to find the altitude of the elevated pole and the latitude; Ability to calculate the direction of the position line and the latitude of the observer by meridian altitude. Pole star observations Ability to identify certain major stellar constellations and navigational stars describe their movement relative to Polaris and the movement of Polaris with change of latitude; Ability to identify Polaris; Ability to identify major constellations; Ability to describe the motion of the stars about Polaris; The relationship between the altitude of Polaris and the observer’s latitude; Deduce from the above objective that the true altitude of Polaris can be used to find the latitude of the observer; Obtain the corrections, -1°, + a0, + a1, +a2, from Pole Star tables in the Nautical Almanac and apply them to the altitude of Polaris to find the latitude of the observer; Ability to find the true azimuth of Polaris from the tables and the direction of the position line. Position fixing Combine the equinoctial and horizon system of co-ordinates to determine the centre and radius of a position circle and its direction in the vicinity of a selected position; Apply the principles of a method of enabling the navigator to draw a small part of the position circle in his vicinity to at a practical problem; Ability to determine the direction of a position line through an observer and a position through which it passes; Ability to define and evaluate the co-latitude, polar distance and zenith distance and use them as the side of the PZX triangle; Ability to solve the PZX triangle to find the calculated zenith distance of the body when it is out of the meridian; Apply this calculated zenith distance to the true zenith distance of the body to find the intercept and the intercept terminal point through which to draw the position line (Marcq St. Hilaire method); Ability to determine the true azimuth of the body from tables and determine the direction of the position line; Ability to find the position of the observer at the time of the final observation, given two or more position lines with the courses and distances run between the observations |
| Determine position and the accuracy of resultant position fix by any means | Classify stars by apparent magnitude; Recognize stellar constellations as seen from earth; Kepler’s laws; Determine the hour angle and declination of the planets; Determine the time of visible rising and setting of the sun by use of the nautical Almanac; Determine the azimuth and hour angle of true rising and setting of the sun; Civil, nautical and astronomical twilights; The influence of latitude on the duration of twilight, including the conditions necessary for twilight all night, continuous daylight and continuous darkness; Ability to calculate the time of meridian altitude of the planets and stars; Altitude corrections for the planets and stars; The relation between time and longitude and between time and hour angle; Ability to calculate position lines by means of all the celestial bodies in any position; Ability to choose stars suitable for observation in the twilight period; Ability to identify stars by means of a star chart, a star finder and by calculations. |
| Ability to determine the Ship’s position by Parallel, Plane and Mercator sailing |
Sailings Parallel sailing; Plane sailing; By Mercator sailing, ability to calculate course and distance between two positions; By Mercator sailing, ability to calculate the final position, given the initial position, course and distance; Why a navigation problem should be solved by using a Mercator sailing in preference to plane sailing because of the distance involved; How errors may occur in position fixing, and explains how to minimise the probability of errors; Demonstrate how erroneous position lines influence the positions. |
| Ability to determine the Ship’s position by Great Circle sailing |
Great circle sailing Ability to determine great circles tracks; Calculates initial course and distance of great circle track; Position of the vertex; Intermediate positions on the great circle and the course at these points; Ability to calculate the distance and time to sail 1 degree change of course; Composite sailing; The use of gnomonic charts for plotting the great circle between two points; Transfer the great circle to a Mercator chart; Find and apply the half convergency correction to a great-circle bearing to obtain the Mercator bearing to plot; The curve of constant bearing and calculates the direction of the position line in the vicinity of the D.R. position. |
5.6 Navigation Systems and Instruments (Examination Code: NS/I)
- The examination consists of a written test comprising descriptive questions.
- The examination is of a three hours duration.
- The candidate should recognize the fallibility of all electronic aids, and the importance of combining different methods and possessing a continuing ability and preparedness to fall back on basic, non-electronic navigation methods at any time.
- The examination is based upon:
| Subject | Knowledge required |
|---|---|
| Competence: | Determine position and the accuracy of resultant position fix by any means |
| Using modern electronic navigational aids, with specific knowledge of their operating principles, limitations, sources of error, detection of misrepresentation of information and methods of correction to obtain accurate position fixing |
Shipborne navigational equipment and systems Thorough knowledge of the regulatory, physical, operational and operator requirements of marine electronic navigation systems including bridge design and visibility, electromagnetic compatibility of equipments on or in the vicinity of the bridge, equipments approval and maintenance of equipments. Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS): Knowledge of the principle on which the American GPS, the Russian Federation GLONASS and the European Union GALILEO (when in service) Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) operate; the concepts of combined GPS/GLONASS receivers; The principles of operation, precision and limitations of Differential GPS (DGPS), Wide Area Augmentation System (WAAS) and DGLONASS; Describe the receiver equipment; general knowledge of the performance standards; knowledge of the failure warnings and status indications required by IMO; The configuration of satellite orbits in space; the control of satellites from ground Control Stations; Describe briefly the codes which are transmitted; the frequency band used; How pseudo-ranges are measured by matching the received code with the same locally generated code; Why the measurement is not a true range; Simultaneous pseudo-ranges to three SVs are sufficient to fix the position of the earth’s surface and determine the receiver clock error from GPS time but four are required to obtain height; List and describe the main sources of error in the determined position; Accuracy with the abolishment of the NAVSTAR selective availability; Measured Doppler shifts can be processed to provide speed and direction outputs Global Coordinates and World Geodetic System (WGS) Knowledge of coordinate system data in use by electronic position fixing systems; relationship between coordinate systems and the effect of coordinate system choices on positional data Loran-C System: The principles of time difference used in the Loran-C system; How ambiguity occurs when two radio stations are transmitting signals simultaneously; How ambiguity can be removed by application of a time delay; The pulsing system and cycle matching used in the Loran-C system; The possibility of sky wave interference and use of extended mode; The approximate accuracy and explain how it varies; how propagation delays affect Loran C; accuracy in inshore zones; Explain a coverage diagram for a Loran-C chain; The limitations of the system and the reason for frequent checking; The areas of the world covered by the Loran-C system. Electronic Charting and Voyage Management Systems Knowledge of the primary function, principles, practical application and operation of electronic chart and display systems (ECDIS) and electronic chart systems (ECS); the difference between ECDIS and ECS; Knowledge of the principles, practical application and operation of voyage management systems. Depth measuring systems Knowledge of the functions, principles, practical application and operation of Echo sounding devices and Sonar; Description, with aid of block diagrams, of a typical navigational echo-sounding system indicating functions and characteristics of units; visual indicators and recorders, phased scales, transmitters and receivers; sounding repetition rates, accuracy of soundings, maximum and minimum depths in navigational sounders; interference on display; internal and water noises. Automatic Identification System (AIS) Knowledge of the functions, principles, practical application and operation of the Automatic Identification System (AIS), including the operating modes, the required capabilities and information that AIS should provide. |
| Using modern electronic navigational aids, with specific knowledge of their operating principles, limitations, sources of error, detection of misrepresentation of information and methods of correction to obtain accurate position fixing |
Speed and distance measuring devices Knowledge of the functions, principles, practical application and operation of Speed and distance measuring devices; the different requirements to provide as a minimum information on the distance run and the forward speed of the ship through the water or over the ground, device capable of providing speed through the water in the fore and aft direction for radar plotting aids/track control equipment and device to indicate speed and distance over the ground in the forward and atwarthships direction for large vessel; knowledge of information is transmitted to other navigation instruments; Doppler, its use in distance and velocity measurement. Sound reception systems Knowledge of the functions, principles, practical application and operation of sound reception systems required on a totally enclosed bridge, including functional requirements, method of presentation and installation requirements Integrated Bridge Systems Ability to assess the benefits of integrated systems of navigation to particular vessel operations and identify the integrity of the information provided from the data inputs available, with particular reference to data requirements and quality. High-Precision Position-Fixing Systems General knowledge of principles and practical application of high-precision position-fixing systems, including Trisponder, Mini-Ranger, Decca Hi -Fix/6, Syledis B, Raydist, Argo, MRD-1, and Trident III. Dynamic Positioning Systems General knowledge of the principles, practical application and operations of dynamic positioning using taut wire, acoustic, heading reference, radar, HPNS, INS and GPS methods. Voyage data recorder (VDR): Knowledge of the purpose, application, operational requirements and data items to be stored by a voyage data recorder (VDR). Time.. Knowledge of the nature of time measurement systems in use by electronic position fixing systems; relationship between time measurement systems and the effect of the measurement systems used on positional data. |
| Navigating in high latitudes | Knowledge of the special considerations to be applied when navigating in high latitudes due to rapidly changing weather conditions, low and ice-masked coast lines; rapid convergence of meridians; extreme refraction and false horizons; low horizontal intensity of the earth’s magnetic field; chart projections, including non-triangulated chart and lack of detail; loss of accuracy in plotting; gyro compass limitations; extended twilight; majority of observations being low altitude; decreasing importance of error in time; front and back altitudes to offset refraction; slow rate of change of altitude in relation to azimuth; maintaining track and estimated position; determination of the most suitable heavenly bodies; approximate setting on a sextant to observe any heavenly body; calculation of EP in heavy weather |
| Determine accuracy of lines of position and fixes |
The theory of errors Knowledge of the concept of the most probable position; the analyse of uncertainties when using lines of position; errors in position lines; the constant error; the random error; the mistakes. |
| Electricity | Correct identification of faults and knowledge of precautions to guard against the hazards associated with electrical equipment. |
| Competence: | Determine and allow for compass errors |
| Knowledge of the principles of gyro-compasses and transmitting heading devices and ability to determine and allow for errors of the gyro-compasses |
Gyro-compasses |
| An understanding of systems under the control of the master gyro and a knowledge of the operation and care of the main types of gyro-compasses in use at sea |
Heading control systems / Automatic pilots Knowledge of the functions, principles, operational requirements, alarms, indicators and fall-back arrangements required of Heading control systems / Auto-Pilot systems; the differences between Heading control systems and Auto-Pilot systems. Rate of turn indicators Knowledge of the functions, principles and operational requirements of rate of turn indicators. |
| Knowledge of the principles of magnetic compasses, electromagnetic compasses and marine transmitting magnetic heading devices and ability to determine and allow for errors of the magnetic compasses |
Magnetic compasses The laws of magnetism; Terrestrial magnetism and the magnetic elements of the earth’s field; Construction of the magnetic compass and binnacle; Effect of the ship’s magnetic field on a magnetic compass; The permanent components P, Q and R, the induced components, their separate effects and their application to compensation of a ship’s magnetic field; Methods of obtaining a table of deviations; General principle of compass correction and methods of correcting ; Cause and effect of retentive magnetism and Gaussin error; Siting of compasses, with emphasis on the proximity of magnetic material and appliances; Causes, effects and corrections of heeling error; Effects of heeling error magnets on soft-iron correctors; Requirements for the carriage of magnetic compasses as set out in SOLAS; Performance standards for magnetic compasses; The importance of keeping a record of observed deviations. Electromagnetic Compasses and Marine Transmitting Magnetic Heading devices (TMHDs) Knowledge of the principles, operational requirements and use of Electromagnetic Compasses and Marine Transmitting Magnetic Heading devices (TMHDs) Track control systems: Knowledge of the functions, principles, operational requirements, alarms, indicators and fall-back arrangements required of track control systems Maintenance of gyro-compasses: Refer to manufacturers manuals to determine necessary maintenance tasks. |
| Competence: | Use radio-communication equipment |
| Knowledge of the fundamentals of electromagnetic signal generation and transmission and use of radio equipments |
Signal Manipulation Knowledge of the techniques used to generate, modulate, detect and amplify radio frequency electromagnetic signals; the effect of modulation technique, band and band width on signal quality and detectability; the need for and characteristics of common marine antenna types. Radio-Communication Equipment Knowledge of specific principles, practical application and operation of typical radio-communication equipment in current service. Radio-Communication Systems Thorough knowledge of the regulatory requirements for marine radio-communications systems; VTS and distress and safety systems; organization and operating protocols of satellite and terrestrial marine communication systems for ship stations, satellite systems and terrestrial systems. |
5.7 Deviascope (Examination Code: DEV)
- A practical test on the deviascope during which the applicant will be examined orally.
- The examination is of an unlimited duration.
- The examination is based upon:
| Subject | Knowledge required |
|---|---|
| Competence: | Determine and allow for compass errors |
| Ability to determine and allow for errors of the magnetic compasses |
Practical compensation and adjustment of magnetic compass using the deviascope or instructional binnacle: Methods of obtaining a table of deviations, analysis of the table to obtain approximate coefficients; The permanent components P, Q and R, the induced components, their separate effects and their application to compensation of a ship’s magnetic field; Approximate coefficients A, B, C, D, and E and their use; General principle of compass correction and methods of correcting for coefficients ; Cause and effect of retentive magnetism and Gaussin error; Siting of compasses, with emphasis on the proximity of magnetic material and appliances; Causes, effects and corrections of heeling error; Effects of heeling error magnets on soft-iron correctors; Use of vertical force instruments. |
5.8 Navigation Safety – Level 2 (Examination Code: NS 2)
- The examination consists of multiple-choice questions.
- The examination is of an one and a half hours duration.
- The examination is based upon:
| Subject | Knowledge required |
|---|---|
| Competence: | Establish watchkeeping arrangements and procedures |
| Thorough knowledge of content, application and intent of the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at sea, 1972 with Canadian modifications 1983 | Practical application of Regulations for the Prevention of Collisions with Canadian Modifications rules from an interpretation in multi-ship navigational situations; multi-ship or multi-factor navigational situations involving more than one rule, more than one factor of radar annex; Ship Routeing Regulations; inconsistencies between regulations, ordinary practices of seafarer; Ability to identify the lights, shapes and sound signals by any type of vessel and their meaning, including the additional signals for fishing vessels fishing in close proximity; |
| Thorough knowledge of the content, application and intent of the Principles to be observed in keeping a navigational watch | Knowledge of the content and application of Part II of the Marine Personnel Regulations regarding the hour of rest and the composition of the watch on the bridge; Factors to be taken into account when deciding the composition of the watch on the bridge; Write standing orders for a deck watch at anchor and a navigational watch underway; Thorough knowledge of the content, application and intent of the STCW Code section A-VIII/2 and Canadian Notices to Mariners – Annual Edition. |
5.9 Meteorology – Level 2 (Examination Code: MET 2)
- The examination consists of a written test comprising multiple-choice and descriptive questions.
- The examination is of a three hours duration.
- The examination is based upon:
| Subject | Knowledge required |
|---|---|
| Competence: | Forecast weather and oceanographic conditions |
| Ability to understand and interpret a synoptic chart and to forecast area weather, taking into account local weather conditions and information received by weather fax |
The planetary system of wind and pressure Global systems circulation, seasonal modification and permanent pressure systems; The characteristics and location of the doldrums, ITCZ, Trade winds, Sub tropical oceanic highs, westerlies and polar easterlies; Monsoons, theory of monsoons formation, land and sea breezes compared to monsoons, pressure and weather characteristics associated with, monsoons in the Indian Ocean, the China sea, North coast of Australia and West coast of Africa; The monsoon type weather along the North east coast of Brazil The weather associated with the principal air mass types Formation of air mass; The significance of a Source region; Identification; Characteristics; Modification; Seasonal movement (North America and offshore); Types, continental arctic, continental polar, continental tropical, maritime arctic, maritime polar, maritime tropical, equatorial; Modification of an air mass by the nature of the surface over which it travels; Stable and unstable air masses; Synoptic patterns associated with air mass types The weather associated with air mass types Synoptic and prognostic charts and forecasts from any source Synoptic charts, surface and upper air; Recognition of isobaric distribution patterns; Ability to determine the geostrophic and approximate surface wind speeds from the chart by use of the geostrophic wind scale; Ability to determine the weather associated with specific places within the plots; The rules governing the movement of pressure systems, as given in Meteorology for Mariners to forecast the weather at specific places; The use of prognostic charts; Ability to evaluate the information given in shipping forecasts. The Maritime Forecast Code and the range of information available through fax transmissions Knowledge of information available on weatherfax in Canada and Worldwide; Forecast 12-24 hours, pressure, wind, sea state, visibility, clouds, weather changes; Knowledge of services available; Radio Aids to navigation, Atlantic and Great Lakes, Pacific; Ability to locate marine weather forecast areas; Understanding weather forecasts for the Great Lakes, ability to use MAFOR code; Assorted weatherfax in weather, satellite, sea state and ice charts; Understanding of synoptic surface analysis charts; Understanding of surface progs; Understanding of wave charts, analysis, forecast; Understanding of ice charts. The main types of floating ice, their origins and movements Freezing of fresh and salt water; Formation of land ice; Greenland and Antarctic ice caps, glaciers; Ice types and egg code; Type of ice, new, frazil, grease, slush, shuga, nilas, pancake, young, grey, grey-white, first year, second-year, multi-year, fast ice, pack ice, ice of land origin, forms of floating ice (floe sizes); Ice fields and their movement, icebergs and drift, iceberg routes, limits, seasons, reasons for variation in numbers, difference between northern and southern hemisphere icebergs; Presence of icebergs in North Pacific, North Atlantic lane routes, International Ice Patrol. The guiding principles relating to the Safety of Navigation in the vicinity of ice The signs which may indicate the proximity of ice on clear days and nights; The ranges at which observers may expect to detect ice visually in varying conditions of visibility; The limitations of radar as a means of detecting ice; The precautions to be taken when navigating near ice, and when ice is suspected in vicinity; Avoidance, shelter, warmer water, alteration of course and speed; Thorough knowledge of the content and application of the TP 5064 Ice Navigation in Canadian Waters; Thorough knowledge and ability to use the Canadian Annual Notices to Mariners (Ice navigation section). Conditions leading to ice accretion on ship’s superstructures, dangers and the remedies available Icing of superstructures, causes, fog, freezing drizzle, freezing rain, freezing spray; Action to be taken in the case of serious accumulation of ice;; Ability to use the Mariner’s Handbook, for estimating the rate of ice accretion; Methods of avoiding or reducing ice accretion; Reports to be made under International Conventions when ice is encountered; The information to be given in radio messages reporting dangerous ice; The iceberg nomenclature in use by the International Ice Patrol; The information to be given in radio messages reporting conditions leading to severe ice accretion on ship’s superstructures. |
| Knowledge of the characteristics of various weather systems, including tropical revolving storms and avoidance of storm centres and the dangerous quadrants |
The formation, structure and weather associated with the principal frontal systems Definitions; Types, stationary, cold, warm, occluded; Movement; Sequence of weather associated with fronts, pressure, wind, temperature, cloud, weather, visibility; Squall lines, definition, association with cold fronts, weather experienced with squall lines, pressure, wind, temperature, cloud, weather, visibility; Areas of occurrence; Local names (e.g., pampero, southerly, buster). |
| Knowledge of the characteristics of various weather systems, including tropical revolving storms and avoidance of storm centres and the dangerous quadrants |
The formation of, and weather associated with, frontal and non-frontal depressions Families of depressions: Formation between two air masses, life cycle and movement cross section, associated weather; Frontogenesis; Frontolysis: Secondary depressions; Warm and cold occlusions. The formation and weather characteristics of non-frontal weather systems Definition of “through of low pressure”, both frontal and non-frontal; Ability to draw a synoptic pattern of frontal and non-frontal troughs, for both northern and southern hemispheres, showing isobars, wind circulation and, if applicable, front; Identify a through of low pressure on a surface synoptic or prognostic chart; The weather associated with the passage of a trough of low pressure; Definition of anticyclone; Ability to draw a synoptic pattern of an anticyclone, for both northern and southern hemispheres, showing isobars and wind circulation; Identify an anticyclone on a surface synoptic or prognostic chart; The general characteristics of an anticyclone; The formation of warm and cold anticyclones; The weather associated with an anticyclone, in summer and winter; Definition of ridge of high pressure; Ability to draw a synoptic pattern of a ridge which is an extension of an anticyclone, showing isobars and wind circulation for northern and southern hemispheres; Ability to draw a synoptic pattern of a ridge contained between two lows, showing isobars and wind circulation, for northern and southern hemispheres; Identify a ridge of high pressure on a surface synoptic or prognostic chart; The weather associated with both types of ridge of high pressure; Definition of col; Ability to draw a synoptic pattern of a col showing isobars and wind circulation; The weather associated with a col; Ability to draw synoptic patterns showing combination of various isobaric systems. Tropical revolving storms Definition of path, track, vertex or cod, vortex or eye, trough line, angle of indraught, dangerous semi-circle, dangerous quadrant, navigable semi-circle; Features distinguishing it from extra-tropical cyclone, small diameter, steeper pressure gradient, winds tangent to central isobars, eye absence of fronts; Warnings, radio messages, projected track, unusual swell, appearance of the sky, unusual changes in wind strength and direction, corrected drop in barometric pressure; Weather associated with tropical revolving storms; Sources of energy; Seasonal distribution; Practical rules for avoidance; Hurricane and typhoon anchorages; Mandatory reporting; Name and season for tropical storms in the following areas: The North Atlantic, the western North Pacific, eastern North Pacific, South Pacific, Bay of Bengal, Arabian Sea, western Indian Ocean, eastern Indian Ocean. |
| Knowledge of ocean current systems |
Surface water circulation of the ocean and principal adjoining seas Definition of set and drift, wind-drift currents, gradient currents, complex currents (including stream currents), Coriolis effect and Ekman’s spiral, upwelling, permanent currents, seasonal currents; General surface circulation and offshoots in North American waters, geographical limits, seasonal variations, direction, strength; Effect of currents on climate, warm, cold; Knowledge of the various currents of the world. Voyage planning principles with respect to weather conditions and wave height Ability to use the data from Ocean Passages of the world; Climatological routeing; Definition of Significant wave height; The factors affecting wave height and direction;The methods employed in forecasting wave heights; Optimum (Least time) routeing; The forms of routeing; The methods of constructing a least time track; The merits of ship and shore based routeing, and their limitations; The construction of ships performance curves; The use on monthly Routeing Charts; The construction and use of a Baillie wind rose; Demonstrate familiarity with the forms of climatological, meteorological and current data presented in the Sailing Directions (Pilot Books) and in the Mariner’s Handbook. The formation of sea waves and swell waves Difference between seas and swells, definitions of period, height, length, speed, steepness, fetch; Wave groups, waves in shallow water, ground swell, breakers and surf; Swells in forecasting tropical revolving storms; Effect of coast, wind, currents, tide; Storm surge; Effect of ice on waves, ice crystals, pack ice; Tsunamis and tidal waves, description, epicentre, dangers, tsunami warning system, true tidal waves and tidal bores; Seiche. |
| Ability to calculate tidal conditions |
Apply the relevant weather conditions to tidal calculations The effect of high or low atmospheric pressure on tide levels; The effect of persistent winds on tide levels and tidal times; The effect of abrupt changes of weather conditions on tidal levels; The origin and areas of prevalence of seismic waves. |
| Use all appropriate navigational publications on tides and currents |
Apply tide and current data from nautical publications and charts Ability to use tidal height calculations in passage planning, with regard to limiting draughts and times of available depth of water; Ability to use tidal stream information in passage planning, with regard to effect on course made good, and effect on speed, timing of events; Ability to use current information in passage planning, with regard to effect on course made good, and effect on speed, timing of events. |
5.10 Ship Management – level 3 (Examination Code: SM 3)
- The examination consists of a written test comprising descriptive questions.
- The following open-book resources will be allowed in the examination room:
- Arctic Waters Pollution Prevention Act;
- Arctic Shipping Pollution Prevention Regulations;
- Ballast Water Control and Management Regulations;
- Canada Labour Code;
- Canada Shipping Act-2001;
- Load Line Regulations;
- Marine Personnel Regulations;
- Marine Transportation Security Act;
- Marine Transportation Security Regulations;
- Merchant Seamen’s Compensation Act;
- Pilotage Act;
- Potable Water Regulations for common carriers;
- Quarantine Regulations;
- Regulations for Prevention of Pollution from Ships and for Dangerous Chemicals;
- Security Act;
- Shipping Casualty Reporting Regulations;
- Shipping Inquiries Investigation Rules;
- Vessel Certificates Regulations
- The examination is of a three hours duration
- The examination is based upon:
| Subject | Knowledge required |
|---|---|
| Competence: | Monitor and control compliance with legislative requirements and measures to ensure safety of life at sea and the protection of the marine environment |
| Knowledge of international maritime law embodied in international agreements and conventions and National Legislation for Implementing International Agreements and Conventions |
Certificates and other documents |
| Canadian Legislation and Regulations |
Canada Shipping Act (CSA) Knowledge of Canada Shipping Act-2001 relating to Registrations, listing and recording; Personnel; Safety; Navigation Services; Incidents, accidents and casualties; Wreck; Pollution prevention and response – Department of fisheries and oceans; Pollution Prevention – Department of Transport; and Enforcement; Minister’s right to cancel or suspend certificate of competency; summary convictions and indictable offences. Canada Labour Code Knowledge of the application of the Canada Labour Code to shipping; knowledge of the Marine Occupational Safety and Health Regulations; the Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System (WHMIS). Canadian Regulations Knowledge of Shipping Casualty Reporting Regulations; Shipping Inquiries Investigation Rules; Potable Water Regulations for Common Carriers; Vessel Certificates Regulations; Prevention of Pollution from Ships and for Dangerous Chemicals Regulations; Marine Transportation Security Act and Regulations; Load Line Regulations; Merchant Seamen’s Compensation Act. Legislation affecting vessel operation Knowledge of the Shipping Casualty Reporting Regulations; Administrative Monetary Penalties Regulations; Potable Water Regulations for Common Carriers; Vessel Certificates Regulations; Navigable Waters Protection Act; Environmental Protection Act; ; Boat and Fire Drill and Means of Exit Regulations; Merchant Seamen Compensation Act. Vessel reporting systems and services Awareness of vessel traffic services and reporting system in eastern, western and arctic waters of Canada including ECAREG and NORDREG; master’s obligation to report; traffic schemes and IMO approval process; AMVER and MAREP reporting systems; limitations of vessel traffic services; limitations concerning use of inshore lane. Legislation Concerning Controlled Substances Knowledge of employee assistance program; employee rights and testing process; pre-employment testing; documentation of medical treatment and administration of controlled medication. |
| Ship’s business |
Agents Functions of agents, including their appointment, authority and duties. Customs house and immigration Knowledge of customs house and immigration procedures and required documentation at arrival and departure, including: inward report; general declaration; non duty paid goods; short landed or overloaded merchandise; crew’s effects declaration; crew list; passenger list; cargo declaration forms; outward report; producing certificates of competency; passports, visas and their use in foreign ports; Vessel Clearance Regulations; Convention on facilitation of International Maritime Traffic, 1965, as amended (FAL 1965); Quarantine Regulations. Charter Parties and Bills of Lading Knowledge of types of bills of lading, contents and their functions; functions of a mate’s receipt, cargo manifest/shipper’s receipts; implications of electronic documentation ; the master’s right to insert marginal clauses; letters of indemnity; the master’s authority to sign bills of lading; Charter Clause, New Jason Clause, and Jones Act. Knowledge of charter parties, including interpretation of various agreements; on-hire and offhire procedures; common-law warranties; cancelling date; notice of readiness; lay days, running days, Sundays, holidays and weather working days; demurrage and despatch; freight; deviation; disputes and claims as they relate to laytime and demurrage. Marine insurance Basic knowledge of the marine insurance contract and its relationship to the master’s responsibility to owners and underwriters; policies in marine insurance; P & I clubs, their functions and responsibilities; financial responsibility certificates; limitation of liability; salvage agreements; pollution policies for tankers and non-tankers; function of classification societies; types of surveys; survey procedure related to vessel classification. Management of Vessel Knowledge of management of vessel including leadership, decision making, problem solving, communication, goal setting, systematic approach to vessel maintenance, vessel safety and environmental protection, management of personnel, cargo and vessel; maintenance regime for inspection, deployment, and testing of safety-related devices, machinery and equipment; maintenance logs; documentation and record keeping; Legal consequences of infractions of regulations; statutory seaworthiness. |
| Knowledge of master’s responsibilities in different events |
Pilotage Legal aspects of compulsory and non-compulsory pilotage; Knowledge of the Pilotage Act; Pilot’s responsibility to master; Master relieving pilot; When a pilot shall not pilot; Pilotage exemption or waiver; transit through major canals such as Suez and Panama, including boarding arrangements. Marine Occurrence Obligations and responsibilities in event of emergencies such as accident, incident, collision, fire, distress, search and rescue; the mandatory reporting of a marine/hazardous occurrence under the provisions of the Canadian Transportation Accident Investigation and Safety Board Act, the Canada Shipping Act, and the Canada Labour Code Part II; casualty investigation and reports. Ports of refuge Business aspects of putting into port with damaged ship or cargo; justifiable deviation; general average; note of protest; right to extend; differences between general and particular average; survey of cargo; certificate of seaworthiness; survey procedure and associated documentation; underwriters; tender clause; conduct of vessel under foreign jurisdiction; procurement of legal advice; process and procedure, including incident investigation and analysis; technical report; damage report and repair specifications. Noting and Extending Protest Knowledge of the master’s obligations, and circumstances when it is advisable to note and extent protest. Salvage Knowledge of master’s responsibilities in the event of salvage and salvage agreements; International Convention on Salvage, 1989 (The London Salvage Convention); Lloyd’s Standard Form of Salvage Agreement (LOF, 1995); justifiable deviation; limitation of liability; salvage associations; implications of CP/BL before taking a vessel in tow. |
5.11 Ship Management – level 4 (Examination Code: SM 4)
- The examination consists of a written test comprising descriptive and calculation exercises.
- The following open-book resources will be allowed in the examination room:
- Bill of Lading Act;
- Canada Shipping Act;
- Canadian Transportation Accident Investigation and Safety Board Act;
- Coasting Trade Act;
- Marine Insurance Act;
- Marine Liability Act;
- Transportation Appeal Tribunal of Canada Act;
- Transportation Safety Board Regulations.
- The examination is of a three hours duration.
- The examination is based upon:
| Subject | Knowledge required |
|---|---|
| Competence: | General organization of ship management |
| Carriage of goods by sea |
Marine Insurance Extended knowledge of marine insurance and its inter-relationship with charter parties, bills of lading and the Marine Liability Act ; awareness of the Convention on Limitation of Liability for Maritime Claims, 1976; limitation of liability; knowledge of the Marine insurance Act; definitions and other terms used in marine policies; types of policies; insurance and salvage agreements; mutual insurance (P & I Clubs), including risks covered by P&I Clubs; responsibilities and obligations of a carrier of goods by sea; due diligence and seaworthiness; deviation and justifiable deviation; putting into port of refuge or returning to loading port; common law warranties. General and Particular Average Extended knowledge of general average, particular average and York Antwerp rules; port of refuge, including justifiable deviation; responsibility of master in case of deviation; differences between particular average and general average. Marine Liability Act Knowledge of the Marine Liability Act concerning personal injuries and fatalities, apportionment of liability, limitation of liability for maritime claims, liability for carriage of passengers by water, liability for carriage of goods by water; awareness of the Athens Convention relating to the Carriage of Passengers and their Luggage by Sea, 1974, as amended by the Protocol of 1990, the Hague-Visby Rules and Hamburg Rules. Charter Parties and Bills of Lading Extended knowledge of charter parties and bills of lading with respect to international marine laws, and a general appreciation of the interpretation of agreements; the Bills of Lading Act; due diligence and contractual seaworthiness; rules relating to bills of lading, risks, responsibilities and liabilities, rights and immunities, special conditions, limitations on the application of rules, the effect of deviation, limitation of liabilities, electronic documentation and carriage contracts; the commencement and termination of contract; Cesser Clause; on-hire and off-hire survey; standard Charter Parties and Bills of Lading clauses; breaches of contract; Profit/loss considerations concerning lay days, demurrage, dispatch, freight; Protecting owner/charter’s interests. |
| International and National organizations | Knowledge of the functions and Jurisdiction of specialized agencies of the United Nations such as the International Maritime Organization (IMO), International Labour Organization (ILO); International Hydrographic Organization (IHO); awareness of their structure; committees and sub-committees; convention procedures; signatory requirements; examples of international conventions; outline of SOLAS; Canadian Marine Advisory Council (CMAC) and its functions. |
| Ship management |
General Organization of Ship Management Working appreciation of concepts, theories and practices of organizational management; knowledge of implications and procedures associated with change of flag and/or ownership; ; working knowledge of practices and protocols regarding disputes, claims, liens and arrests as they relate to the vessel, charter and cargo; knowledge concerning procurement of legal advice for conflict of interest. Labour Relations Appreciation of the collective bargaining process for unions and associations; ability to observe/interpret collective agreements; awareness of right and/or limitation of access of unions and associations to vessel within or without collective agreements; appreciation of the effective expedition of a progressive disciplinary procedure and the associated documentation; awareness of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedom and the Canadian Bill of rights; Procurement of an attorney. Agents Extended knowledge of authority and duties of an agent; appointment of agents; types of agents; scope of services provided; sub-agent and delegation of authority. |
| National legislation |
Coasting Trade Act Understanding of the Coasting Trade Act and an appreciation of procedures for a vessel purchased abroad, flagged to Canada and operated in the Canadian coasting trade; the use of foreign ships and non-duty paid ships in the coasting trade. Ports and Harbours Awareness of the Canada Marine Act and of the following regulations: Port Authorities Operations Regulations; Public Ports and Public Port Facilities Regulations; Practices and procedures for public ports and recognition of port by-laws as they relate to vessel operation. Functions of Consular Offices Working knowledge of the purpose and functions of consular offices; services provided by consul abroad; appreciation of the conduct of a vessel under a foreign jurisdiction including infractions, convictions, liens, vessel detention and arrest, and procurement of legal advice. Transportation Appeal Tribunal of Canada (TATC) Knowledge of the Transportation Appeal Tribunal of Canada Act; the Tribunal jurisdiction in respect of reviews and appeals as expressly provided for under the Canada Shipping Act; hearings related to the competency and conduct of officers, suspension or cancellation of certificate, cases of medical incapacity and administrative penalties. Transportation Safety Board (TSB) Knowledge of the Canadian Transportation Accident Investigation and Safety Board Act and of the Transportation Safety Board Regulations in respect of marine occurrences ; mandate, powers and authority of the Transportation Safety Board (TSB). |
| Methods and Aids to Prevent Pollution of the Marine Environment by Ships |
International conventions and Canadian legislation Awareness of the International Convention on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage, 1992 (1992 Liability Convention), of the Marine liability Act (Part 6 - Liability and Compensation for Pollution) and of the Marine Liability Regulations; Awareness of the International Fund for Compensation for Oil Pollution Damage, 1992 (1992 Fund Convention) ; Convention of the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and Other Matter (London Dumping Convention) (LDC); International Convention relating to Intervention on the High Seas in cases of Oil Pollution Casualties, 1969; Protocol relating to Intervention on the High Seas in cases of Pollution by Substances other than Oil, 1973. |
5.12 Ship Construction and Stability – Level 4 (Examination Code: SCS 4)
- The examination consists of multiple-choice questions and practical calculations based on a vessel’s stability data booklet.
- The examination is of a three hours duration.
- The examination is based upon:
| Subject | Knowledge required |
|---|---|
| Competence: | Control trim, stability and stress |
| Working knowledge and application of stability, trim and stress tables, diagrams and stress-calculating equipment |
Displacement Definition of displacement; Given a displacement/draught curve or table find:
Definition of light displacement and load displacement; Definition of deadweight; Ability to use a deadweight scale to find the deadweight and displacement of a ship at various draughts in seawater; Definition of tonnes per centimetre immersion; Why TPC varies with different draughts; Ability to use a deadweight scale to obtain TPC at given draughts; Ability to use TPC obtained from a deadweight to find:
Definition of block coefficient (CB); Ability to calculate CB from given displacement and dimensions; Ability to calculate displacement from given CB and dimensions.
Initial stability
Ability to use hydrostatic curves to find the height of the metacentre above the keel (KM) at given draughts; Given the values of KG, ability to use the values of KM obtained from hydrostatic curves to find the metacentre height, GM. Given a ship’s hydrostatic data and the disposition of cargo, fuel and water, calculate the metacentric height (GM); Ability to calculate the arrival GM from the conditions at departure and the consumption of fuel and water; Ability to identify when the ship will have the worst stability conditions during the passage; Ability to calculate the maximum weight which can be loaded at a given height above the keel to ensure a given minimum GM.
Angle of Loll
Curves of Statical Stability From a given curve of statical stability, ability to obtain:
Ability to construct a GZ curve for a given displacement and KG and checks that the ship meets the minimum intact stability requirements; Ability to show how lowering the position of G increases all values of the righting lever and vice versa.
Movement of the Centre of Gravity
Perform calculations as in the above objective to find the vertical and horizontal shifts of the centre of gravity resulting from adding, removing, moving or suspending masses; Ability to calculate, by using moments about the keel, the position of G after loading or discharging given masses at stated positions; Ability to calculate the change in KG during a passage resulting from:
List and its correction |
| Understanding of fundamental actions to be taken in the event of partial loss of intact buoyancy | Knowledge that flooding should be countered by prompt closing of watertight doors, valves and any other openings which could lead to flooding or other compartments; Kn owledge that cross-flooding arrangements, where they exist, should be put into operation immediately to limit the resulting list; Knowledge that any action, which could stop or reduce the inflow of water, should be taken. |
| Understanding of the fundamentals of watertight integrity | Understanding of the fundamentals of watertight integrity. |
| General knowledge of the principal structural members of a ship and the proper names for the various parts |
Ship dimensions and form General arrangement of different types of ship; Ability to draw an elevation of the principal ship types, showing holds, engine room, peak tanks, double bottom tanks, hatchways and position of bulkheads; Ability to draw an elevation of a typical crude oil carrier, showing bulkheads, cofferdams, pump-room, engine-room, bunker and peak tanks, cargo tanks and permanent ballast tanks; Ability to draw a plan view of a tanker, showing the arrangement of cargo and ballast tanks; Definitions of the different dimensions and forms. Ship stresses Describe in qualitative terms shear force and bending moments; What is meant by hogging and sagging; Ability to describe the loading conditions which give rise to hogging and sagging stresses; How hogging and sagging stresses are caused by the sea state; How hogging and sagging stresses result in tensile or compressive forces in the deck and bottom structure; Describe water pressure loads on the ship’s hull; Describe liquid pressure loading on the tank structures; Ability to calculate the pressure at any depth below the liquid surface, given the density of the liquid; Describe the stresses set up by liquid sloshing in a partly filled tank; Describe racking stress and its causes; What is meant by panting and which part of the ship is affected; What is meant by pounding or slamming and which part of the ship is affected; Describe the stress caused by localized loading; Ability to demonstrate understanding of modern methods of determining the effects of different loading and ballasting on the ship’s structure; Ability to use modern computer software for determining stress; Have a working knowledge of the stress tables; How output data from ship stress finding system may be used; Torsion stress particularly with reference to container ship loading; Ability to analyse the stress areas created by bending moments and shearing forces derived by a stress indicator; Analyse the causes and effects of shearing forces and bending moments on ship’s structures; Definition of bending moment; Definition of Shearing forces; Ability to extract information from shear force and bending moment diagrams; Describe the constructional features, which compensate for stress. Hull structure Ability to identify structural components on ship’s plans and drawings:
Bow and Stern Describe the provisions of additional structural strength to withstand pounding; Describe and illustrate the structural arrangements forward to withstand panting; Describe the function of the sternframe; Describe and sketch a sternframe for a single-screw ship; Describe and illustrate the construction of a transom stern, showing the connections to the sternframe. Fittings Describe and sketch an arrangement of modern weather-deck mechanical steel hatches; How watertightness is achieved at the coamings and cross joints; Describe the cleating arrangements for the hatch covers; Ability to sketch an oil tight hatchcover; Describe roller, multi-angle, pedestal and panama fairleads; Ability to sketch mooring bitts, showing their attachments to the deck; Ability to sketch typical forecastle mooring and anchoring arrangements, showing the leads of moorings; Describe the construction and attachment to the deck of tension winches and explain how they are used; Describe the anchor handling arrangements from hawse pipe to spurling pipe; Describe the construction of chain lockers and how cables are secured in the lockers; How to secure anchors and make spurling pipes watertight in preparation for a sea passage; Describe the construction and use of a cable stopper; Describe the construction of masts and Sampson posts and how they are supported at the base; Describe the construction of derricks and deck cranes; Describe the bilge piping system of a cargo ship; Describe and sketch a bilge strum box; Describe a ballast system in a cargo ship; Describe the arrangement of a fire main; Describe the provision of sounding pipes and sketch a sounding pipe arrangement; Describe the fitting of air pipes to ballast tanks or fuel oil tanks; Describe the arrangement of fittings and lashings for the carriage of containers on deck. Rudder and propellers Ability to describe the action of the rudder in steering a ship; Drawing of modern rudders: semi balanced, balanced and spade; Explain the purpose of the rudder carrier and pintles; How the weight of the rudder is supported by the rudder carrier; Ability to describe a rudder trunk; Ability to describe the arrangement of a watertight gland round the rudder stock; The principle of screw propulsion; Describe a propeller and define boss, rake, skew, face, back, tip, radius, pitch; Compare fixed-pitch with controllable-pitch propellers; Ability to sketch the arrangement of an oil lubricated sterntube and tailshaft; Ability to sketch a cross-section of a shaft tunnel; Why the shaft tunnel must be of watertight construction and how water is prevented from entering the engine-room if the tunnel becomes flooded. Load lines and draught marks Explain where the deck line is marked; Definition of freeboard; What is meant by assigned summer freeboard; Ability to distinguished between ships of Type A and Type B for the purposes of computation of freeboard; Ability to draw to scale the load line mark and the load lines for a ship given summer moulded draught, displacement and tonnes per centimetre immersion in salt water; Ability to use the chart of zones and seasonal areas to determine the load lines which apply for a particular passage; Given the ship’s hydrostatic data and the daily consumption of fuel and water, ability to determine the minimum departure freeboard and quantity to load, taking into account the zones, seasonal zones and areas through which the ship will pass; Ability to calculate the maximum quantity to load, taking account of loading, discharging and bunkering at an intermediate port or ports, so as to comply throughout with the load line regulations; Demonstrate how to read draughts. |
| Understanding of fundamental principles of ship construction and the theories and factors affecting trim and stability and measures necessary to preserve trim and stability |
Shipbuilding Materials |
| Use of stability and trim diagrams and stress-calculating equipment, including automatic data-based (ADB) equipment, and knowledge of loading cargoes and ballasting in order to keep hull stress within acceptable limits |
Shear forces, bending moments and torsional moments Maximum permissible values of shear force and bending moment in harbour and at sea; Maximum torsional moments; The use of typical cargo loading instruments and the information obtainable from them; Harbour stress limits. Use of Automatic Data Based (ADB) equipment Provide an understanding of information obtained from ship stress indicators and loading programmes; Use of stress indicators and loading programmes in planning for the safe carriage of dry and liquid cargoes; Advantages and limitations of analogue and digital stability and loading programmes. |
| Knowledge of the effect on trim and stability of a ship in the event of damage to and consequent flooding of a compartment and countermeasures to be taken |
Effect of flooding on transverse stability
Explain why the bilging of empty double bottom tanks or of deep tanks that are wholly below the waterline leads to an increase in GM.
 Where: a is the lost area of waterplane A is the original waterplane area d is the distance of the centre of lost area of waterplane from the centerline Show that the heeling arm is given by:  Construct a GZ curve for the estimated GM and superimposes the heeling arm curve to determine the approximate angle of heel; Use wall sided formula to determine GZ values; Use wall sided formula to calculate angle of heel; Explain how lost area of waterplane affects the position of the centre of flotation. Effect of flooding on trim Calculate the movement of the centre of flotation (CF) given:  Explain how the deduction in intact waterplane reduces the MCT 1 cm; Calculate the reduction of BML, given the following corrections:
 Given the dimensions of a bilged space and the ship’s hydrostatic data, calculate the draughts in the damaged conditions; describe measure which may be taken to improve the stability or trim of a damaged ship. Theories affecting Trim and stability
The effects on centre of gravity of slack tanks; Ability to identify free surface moments and show its application to dead-weight moment curves; Ability to interpret changes in stability which take place during a voyage; Effect on stability of ice formation on super structure; The effect of water absorption by deck cargo and retention of water on deck; Stability requirements for dry docking; |
| Knowledge of IMO recommendations concerning ship stability |
Responsibilities under the International Conventions and Codes Minimum stability requirements required by Load Line Rules 1966; Correct use of IMO Grain Regulations; How grain healing moment information is used; The requirements for passenger ship stability after damage; Meaning of the following terms used in the subdivision rules and their application: margin line, permeability, bulkhead deck, maximum permissible length, floodable length, curves of floodable length, factor of subdivision and criterion of service.; The extent of damage which a passenger ship should withstand; The provisions for dealing with asymmetrical flooding; The possible effects of sustaining damage when in a less favourable condition; The extent of damage which a Type A ship of over 150 metres length should withstand; The requirements for survivability of Type B ships with reduced freeboard assigned; The equilibrium conditions regarded as satisfactory after flooding; How the effects of steady and gusting winds are determined; The minimum IMO stability requirements with respect to wind heeling under current regulations. |
| Demonstrate a knowledge and understanding of: | International Maritime Law embodied in International Agreements and Conventions, with particular regard to certificates and documents to be carried on board by International Conventions; Responsibilities under the relevant requirements of the International Convention on Load Lines, Safety of Life at Sea, Prevention of Pollution from ships, and methods of Aid to Prevent Pollution of the Marine Environment; Requirements of the International Health Regulations; and National Legislation for Implementing International Agreements and Conventions. |
5.13 Ship Construction and Stability – Level 5 (Examination Code: SCS 5)
- The examination consists of multiple-choice questions and practical calculations based on a vessel’s stability data booklet.
- The examination is of a three hours duration.
- The examination is based upon:
| Subject | Knowledge required |
|---|---|
| Competence: | Control trim, stability and stress |
| Understanding of fundamental principles of ship construction and the theories and factors affecting trim and stability and measures necessary to preserve trim and stability |
Shipbuilding Materials Different types of steel; What is meant by: tensile strength, ductility, hardness, toughness; Strain as extension divided by original length; Ability to sketch a stress-strain curve for mild steel; Ability to explain yield point, ultimate tensile stress and modulus of elasticity; Brittle fracture; Examples where castings or forgings are used in ship construction; Advantages of the use of aluminium alloys in the construction of superstructures; How strength is preserved in aluminium superstructures in the event of fire; Special precautions against corrosion that are needed where aluminium alloy is connected to steelwork. Welding The process of manual electric arc welding; The purpose of flux during welding; Description of the automatic welding processes, electro-slag, TIG and MIG; Description of butt, lap, fillet welds; The various preparations of a plate edge for welding; Ability to explain what is meant by a full-penetration fillet weld; Ability to explain what is meant by single pass, multi-pass and back run; Ability to explain how welding can give rise to distortion and describe measures which are taken to minimize it; The use of tack welding; Ability to describe weld faults: lack of fusion, no inter-run penetration, lack of reinforcement, lack of root penetration, slag inclusion, porosity, overlap and undercut; Gas cutting of metals. Bulkheads Differences between watertight, non-watertight and oil-tight or tank bulkheads; Definitions of margin line, bulkhead deck and weather tight; Collision bulkhead; After peak bulkhead; Bulkhead at each end of the machinery space; Additional bulkheads; Construction of a watertight bulkhead and its attachments to sides, deck and tank top; How water tightness is maintained where bulkheads are pierced by longitudinal, beams or pipes; The rules regarding penetrations of the collision bulkhead; How bulkheads are tested for tightness; Examples of non-watertight bulkheads; The purpose of washing bulkheads in cargo tanks or deep tanks; Importance of subdivision: transverse bulkhead and longitudinal bulkhead; Cofferdam, Flat plate and Corrugated bulkhead construction; The use of cross ties in tanker construction. |
| Understanding of fundamental principles of ship construction and the theories and factors affecting trim and stability and measures necessary to preserve trim and stability |
Watertight and Weather tight doors Openings in watertight bulkheads; Number of openings in watertight bulkheads of passenger ships; Watertight doors: Class 1 – hinged doors, class 2 – hand-opened sliding doors, class 3 – sliding doors which are power-operated as well as hand opened; All types of watertight doors should be capable of being closed with the ship listed to 15 degrees either way; Ability to describe with sketches the arrangement of a power-operated sliding watertight door; Ability to describe with sketches a hinged watertight door, showing the means of securing it; Characteristic of a hinged watertight door; Frequency of the drills for the operating of watertight doors; Frequency of the inspection of watertight doors; Records of drills and inspections. Corrosion and its prevention What is meant by corrosion; What is meant by erosion of metals; Ability to describe the formation of a corrosion cell and to define anode, cathode and electrolyte; The galvanic series of metals in seawater; Given the galvanic series which of two metals will form the anode in a corrosion cell; Ability to explain the differences in surface condition or in stress concentration can give rise to corrosion cells between two areas of the same metal; By what corrosion can be controlled; Ability to explain that cathodic protection can only be used to protect the underwater hull or ballasted tank; Ability to explain what mill scale is; Ability to describe the treatment of steel in a shipyard and the use of holding primers; List common paint vehicles as: drying oils, oleo-resins, alkyd resins, polymerizing chemicals and bitumen. What is the suitability of each various applications; The action of anti-fouling paint; The use of self-polishing anti-fouling paint and the proposed banning of Tributyltin; Ability to describe typical paint schemes for: underwater areas, boot topping, topsides, weather decks, superstructures and tank interiors; The safety precautions when using paint; Ability to describe the system of cathodic protection using sacrificial anodes; The metals and alloys which may be used as anodes; Why anodes of magnesium and of magnesium alloy are not permitted in cargo/ballast tanks and in adjacent tanks in tankers; Why the anodes are insulated from the hull; Ability to describe the impressed-current system of hull protection; Ability to explain as the underwater paintwork deteriorates, higher currents are required for protection; What is the result of a too high current. Surveys and Dry-docking The frequency of classification society surveys; Possibility of extending the intervals between dry-dockings; Hull survey; Special surveys; Ability to list the items inspected at annual survey; Ability to list the items to examine in dry-dock; Ability to describe the examinations to be made of the items listed above; Ability to describe the cleaning, preparation and painting of the hull in dry-dock; Ability to calculate paint quantities. Inclining Experiment Purpose of the experiment; practical details of the procedure and resulting calculations; precautions to be observed to ensure a reliable and accurate result. |
| Understanding of fundamental principles of ship construction and the theories and factors affecting trim and stability and measures necessary to preserve trim and stability |
Stability Approximate Calculation of areas and volumes; Effects of density; Stability at moderate and large angles of heel: Simplified Stability Data: Trim and List; Dynamical Stability; Definition and understanding of the relationship between dynamical and statical stability; the development of Moseley’s formula for dynamical stability and calculations of dynamical stability at a specified angle of inclination by using the stability curve; Approximate GM by means of rolling period tests; Recommendation on Intact stability for Passenger and Cargo ships under 100 metres in length; Intact stability requirements for the Carriage of grain; Rolling of ships; Dry-docking and grounding; Shear Force, bending moments and torsional stress. Effect of Beam and Freeboard on Stability Effect of increase or decrease of beam, considered in isolation, on initial value, maximum value, range and shape of the stability curve; effect of increase or decrease of freeboard, considered in isolation, on initial value, maximum value, range and shape of stability curve; effect of beam, block coefficient and speed on squat. Pressure in Liquids Calculation of total pressure on an immersed plane surface of a regular geometric form that is oriented parallel to, vertical to, or at an angle to the surface of the liquid; and the development of the formula locating the centre of pressure of the surface, with related calculations. |
| Use of stability and trim diagrams and stresscalculating equipment, including automatic data-based (ADB) equipment, and knowledge of loading cargoes and ballasting in order to keep hull stress within acceptable limits |
Shear forces, bending moments and torsional moments Maximum permissible values of shear force and bending moment in harbour and at sea; Maximum torsional moments; The use of typical cargo loading instruments and the information obtainable from them; Harbour stress limits. Use of Automatic Data Based (ADB) equipment Provide an understanding of information obtained from ship stress indicators and loading programmes; Use of stress indicators and loading programmes in planning for the safe carriage of dry and liquid cargoes; Advantages and limitations of analogue and digital stability and loading programmes. |
| Knowledge of the effect on trim and stability of a ship in the event of damage to and consequent flooding of a compartment and countermeasures to be taken |
Effect of flooding on transverse stability Calculate the permeability of cargo, given its density and its stowage factor; Calculate the increase in mean draught of a ship, given the TPC and the dimensions of the flooded space, using: Increase in draught = volume of lost buoyancy/Area of intact waterplane To explain why the BM of a ship is generally less when bilged that when intact, Use the formula BM = I/V . Explain why the GM usually decreases where:
|
| Knowledge of the effect on trim and stability of a ship in the event of damage to and consequent flooding of a compartment and countermeasures to be taken |
Effect of flooding on transverse stability (cont’d) Explain why the bilging of empty double bottom tanks or of deep tanks that are wholly below the waterline leads to an increase in GM. Calculate the reduction in BM resulting from lost area of the waterplane, given the following corrections: a) second moment of lost area about its centroid/displaced volume; for a rectangular surface LB ³/12V where:
L is length of the lost area b) (original waterplane area/intact waterplane area) X lost area X (distance from centerline)²/displaced volume this is: (original waterplane area/intact waterplane area) X 1bd²/V c) for a rectangular surface, where d is the distance of the centre of the area from the centerline Calculate the shift (F) of the centre of flotation (CF) from the centerline, using: F = (a x d/A – a) Where:
a is the lost area of waterplane Show that the heeling arm is given by: heeling arm = ( lost buoyancy (tonnes)/displacement) X transverse distance from new CF Construct a GZ curve for the estimated GM and superimposes the heeling arm curve to determine the approximate angle of heel; Use wall sided formula to determine GZ values; Use wall sided formula to calculate angle of heel; Explain how lost area of waterplane affects the position of the centre of flotation. Effect of flooding on trim Calculate the movement of the centre of flotation (CF) given: Movement of CF = moment of lost area about original CF/intact waterplane area Explain how the deduction in intact waterplane reduces the MCT 1 cm; |
| Knowledge of the effect on trim and stability of a ship in the event of damage to and consequent flooding of a compartment and countermeasures to be taken |
Effect of flooding on trim (cont’d) Calculate the reduction of BML, given the following corrections: a) second moment of lost area about its centroid/displaced volume; This is bL³/12V for a rectangular surface
where: b) (original waterplane area/intact waterplane area) X lost area X ((distance from CF)²/displaced volume) this is (original waterplane area/intact waterplane area) X bld²/v c) for a rectangular surface, where d is the distance of the center of area from the original centre of flotation
Calculate the reduction of MCT 1 cm, given, Given the dimensions of a bilged space and the ship’s hydrostatic data, calculate the draughts in the damaged conditions; describe measure which may be taken to improve the stability or trim of a damaged ship. Theories affecting Trim and stability The effects on centre of gravity of slack tanks; Ability to identify free surface moments and show its application to dead-weight moment curves; Ability to interpret changes in stability which take place during a voyage; Effect on stability of ice formation on super structure; The effect of water absorption by deck cargo and retention of water on deck; Stability requirements for dry docking; Understanding of angle of loll; Precautions to be observed in correction of angle of loll; The dangers to a vessel at an angle of loll; Effects of wind and waves on ships stability; virtual gravity and virtual upright and their relationship to true gravity and upright; The main factors which affect the rolling period of a vessel; Synchronous rolling and the dangers associated with it; The actions that can be taken to stop synchronous rolling. |
| Knowledge of IMO recommendations concerning ship stability |
Responsibilities under the International Conventions and Codes Minimum stability requirements required by Load Line Rules 1966; Correct use of IMO Grain Regulations; How grain healing moment information is used; The requirements for passenger ship stability after damage; Meaning of the following terms used in the subdivision rules and their application: margin line, permeability, bulkhead deck, maximum permissible length, floodable length, curves of floodable length, factor of subdivision and criterion of service.; The extent of damage which a passenger ship should withstand; The provisions for dealing with asymmetrical flooding; The possible effects of sustaining damage when in a less favourable condition; The extent of damage which a Type A ship of over 150 metres length should withstand; The requirements for survivability of Type B ships with reduced freeboard assigned; The equilibrium conditions regarded as satisfactory after flooding; How the effects of steady and gusting winds are determined; The minimum IMO stability requirements with respect to wind heeling under current regulations. |
| Demonstrate a knowledge and understanding of: | International Maritime Law embodied in International Agreements and Conventions, with particular regard to certificates and documents to be carried on board by International Conventions; Responsibilities under the relevant requirements of the International Convention on Load Lines, Safety of Life at Sea, Prevention of Pollution from ships, and methods of Aid to Prevent Pollution of the Marine Environment; Requirements of the International Health Regulations; and National Legislation for Implementing International Agreements and Conventions. |
5.14 Cargo – Level 3 (Examination Code: CG 3)
- The examination consists of a written test comprising descriptive questions.
- The following open-book resources will be allowed in the examination room:
- Canadian Code of Safe Practice for ships carrying timber deck cargoes;
- Cargo, Fumigation and Tackle Regulations;
- International Maritime Dangerous Goods (IMDG) Code;
- Transportation of Dangerous Goods Act;
- Transportation of Dangerous Goods Regulations.
- The examination is of a three hours duration.
- The examination is based upon:
| Subject | Knowledge required |
|---|---|
| Competence: | Plan and ensure safe loading stowage, securing, care during the voyage and unloading of cargoes |
| Knowledge of and ability to apply relevant international regulations, codes and standards concerning the safe handling, stowage, securing and transport of cargoes |
Plans and Actions Conform with International Regulations Ability to plan passage to comply with Load Line Convention correctly conforming with:
Ability to plan cargo stowage and carriage in compliance with the Code of Safe Practice for cargo stowage and securing; Knowledge of content and application of the Cargo Securing Manual; Ability to use data from the cargo securing manual to plan a range of cargo types; Certificates required for inspection by port state control officers. |
| Stowage and securing of cargoes on board ships, including cargo-handling gear and securing and lashing equipment |
Timber deck cargoes Preparation, stowage and securing of vessel to load timber cargoes including logs, pit props, sawn lumber (loose or packaged) below deck, on deck and on deck of vessel having timber loadlines; Understanding and application of the Cargo, Fumigation and Tackle Regulations and the Canadian Code of Safe Practice for ships carrying timber deck cargoes for the safe stowage, stability, securing and carriage of timber, height of cargo, protection of the crew, and safe practices; Lashings, their tests, markings and certifications; Water absorption and ice accretion. Refrigerated cargo Trading patterns and use of specialized refrigerated ships, general cargo ships fitted with refrigerated lockers; Refrigerated containers and other modes; Special carriage requirements of various refrigerated cargoes and separation of non-compatible cargoes; Preparation and inspection procedure of compartments, loading, carriage and discharging arrangements, stowage principles and safe carriage requirements; Special trade and commodity requirements, shipper’s instructions and joint deck and engine department responsibilities for safe carriage; Need for maintenance of accurate records of compartment temperature at all times; Palletised and unitised refrigerated cargoes; Conditions for loading, stowage, carriage and discharging arrangements, malpractice in handling refrigerated cargoes; Care and preparation of refrigerated compartments after discharge; Types of refrigeration systems used and advantages and disadvantages of each. Procedures for receiving, tallying and delivering cargo How tallying should be done; Knowledge of types of bills of lading, contents and their functions; Functions of a mate’s receipt, cargo manifest/shipper’s receipts; Procedure for claiming for damage done to the ship during loading or discharging; Knowledge of the master’s obligations, and circumstances when it is advisable to note and extent protest; Cargo damage associated with the history of the voyage, discovery of such damage at intermediate port or at final port; Damage, shift or lost of cargo discovered at sea with survey being held upon arrival at next port; Damage, shift or loss of cargo that is so severe as to endanger or damage the ship, necessitating deviation from voyage and putting into the nearest port to effect necessary corrections or repairs; Technical aspects of putting into port; Appropriate log entries on discovery of cargo damage and steps taken to rectify the situation; Advising the owners; Deciding on a port of refuge and requesting entry from port authorities; Noting of protest with right to extend; Informing classification society and their agents and underwriters; Declaration of general/particular average; Arrangement of survey; Correction of the problem and necessary repairs etc; Obtaining a certificate of seaworthiness or interim certificate of class after due inspection; Maintenance of all records of times, positions and quantities of fuel, fresh water and stores at the time of deviation; Expenses to the account of all parties involved, details of expenses to be noted; Informing owners, obtaining clearance and departing in the usual manner; Survey of cargo if no recognized surveyor available and purpose of survey. Care of cargo during carriage Given a cargo list, ability to use books to plan the stowage of a hold or holds, taking account of the carriage requirements of the various cargo; The precautions to avoid crushing and chafing damage; Damaged cargo by residues of previous cargo; Cargo damage by dust, and the precautions to take when carrying commodities giving rise to dust; Cargoes particularly liable to damage by ship or cargo sweat and ability to explain how to minimize the risk of sweat damage; Any goods containing liquids are liable to leak and ability to describe the stowage required to prevent any leakage damaging other goods; Goods spoiled by extremes of temperature; Cargo exposed to high temperatures can overheat; How to protect cargo which must be kept from freezing; The measures to take to prevent pilferage of cargo during loading, discharging and carriage; The damage to cargo, which can result from the use of fork-lift trucks and similar machinery in cargo spaces and methods of preventing it. Requirements applicable to cargo-handling gear Ability to outline the requirements of ILO Convention 152, the Occupational Safety and Health (Dock work) Convention, 1979, which apply to ships; Definitions of: competent person, responsible person, authorized person, lifting appliance and loose gear; The requirements for guarding dangerous parts of machinery; The Requirements for the marking of beams and portable hatch covers; The requirements for fencing of openings; The requirements for the testing of lifting appliances and loose gear before they are used for the first time; The requirements for periodic thorough examination and inspection of lifting appliances and loose gear; What is meant by thorough examination; The records and certificates which should be kept in respect of tests, thorough examinations and inspections of lifting appliances and loose gear; The marking of safe working loads required on lifting appliances and loose gear; Rigging plan. The use of vector diagrams to calculate stresses on cargo gear Ability to draw vector diagrams of force for a given rig and load to determine:
Ability to determine the values in the above, making an allowance for friction at moving sheaves; |
| Loading and unloading operations, with special regard to the transport of cargoes identified in the Code of Safe Practice for Cargo Stowage and Securing |
Loading stowage and discharge of heavy weights Ability to describe the correct procedure for handling heavy weights and precautions to be taken; How a load should be spread over an area of deck or tank top by the use of dunnage to avoid heavy point loading between beams and floors; The use of shoring in a tween-deck to spread the load over a larger part of the ship’s structure; Why double bottom tanks should be full or empty and the ship upright before starting to load or to discharge; The rigging of a heavy-lift derrick; Inspection of the derrick and all attachments; The arrangement and rigging of a Stulken derrick; The use of two derrick cranes in tandem and methods of ensuring that the load is equalized between them; How slewing guys attached to the lower cargo block produce lower stresses than guys at the derrick head; Methods of securing heavy lifts in the hold or on deck. Stowage and securing of cargo Ability to outline the content of the Code of Safe Practice for Cargo Stowage and Securing; How to stow and secure containers on deck on vessels which are not specially designed and fitted for the purpose of carrying containers; The stowage and securing of containers and other cargo units in ships other than cellular container ships; The contents of the cargo-securing manual and its use; The elements to be considered by the master when accepting cargo units or vehicles for shipment; The stowage and securing of road vehicles on ro-ro ships; Recommended methods for the safe stowage and securing of: portable tanks, portable receptacles, wheel-based (rolling) cargoes, Coiled sheet steel, heavy metal products, anchor chains, metal scrap in bulk, flexible intermediate bulk container and unit loads; Actions which may be taken in heavy weather to reduce stresses on securing arrangements induced by excessive accelerations; Actions, which may be taken once cargo, has shifted. Methods and safeguards when fumigating holds The reasons for the control of pests; The methods for the prevention of insect infestation; How contact insecticides in the form of sprays, smokes or lacquers may be used by the crew for dealing with local infestation; The information about the fumigation which should be supplied to the master; Precautions to be taken before, during and on completion of fumigation; The precautions to be taken if essential crew members are permitted to return before aeration of the ship; The precautions to be taken if entry to spaces under fumigation is imperative; Knowledge of the content of Part II – Fumigation of the Cargo, Fumigation and Tackle Regulations; Precautions to be taken for fumigation in transit; The training which the designated representatives should have; The items which the ship should carry; The procedures for the fumigation and the handling over of responsibility from the fumigator in charge to the master; The safety checks on gas concentration that should be made throughout the voyage, records in the log books; The procedures to follow prior to and on arrival at the discharging port; The precautions to be taken during the discharge of cargo until the ship is certified free of fumigants; The procedures for the carriage of fumigated freight containers, barges and transport units that are loaded after fumigation without ventilation; The methods which may be used for the control of rodents; The use of baits by the ship’s crew and the precautions to observe; The use of pesticides is regulated by Governments, and their use may be limited by the regulations and requirements of: the country where the cargo is loaded or treated, the country of destination, the country of registration of the ship; The use of pesticides by the ship’s crew and the precaution to observe; The measures to be taken if clothing becomes contaminated; The actions to be taken in the event of exposure to insecticides resulting in illness. |
| General knowledge of tankers and tanker operations |
Terms and definitions Saturated vapour-pressure; Vapour/temperature relationship; Boiling point, influence of pressure on boiling point temperature; Reid vapour pressure ; Flash point; Flammable range, upper and lower flammable limit; Relationship between flash point, and lower flammable limit; Viscosity; Pour point; Ability to calculate the volume of dry residue as a uniform layer on the tank bottom; Ability to calculate the volume of liquid residues as a wedge on the tank bottom; Know the limitation of application of wedge calculation. Contents and application of the International Safety Guide for Oil tankers and Terminals (ISGOTT) Oil tanker and Chemical Tanker Bulk Liquids: Ship types; Tank types, installation, design and construction; Requirements for the carriage of various liquid cargoes; Ship arrangement, cargo segregation, accommodation spaces, cargo pump rooms, access to cargo tanks and other spaces in the cargo tank area; Cargo transfer piping arrangements, cargo transfer control systems, cargo hoses and pipe lines; Tank vent systems, types of tank vent systems; Cargo temperature control, additional requirements; Material of tank construction and coatings; Gauging ullage; Vapour detection, requirements for individual substances; Ventilation in cargo handling spaces, spaces normally entered, spaces not normally entered; Environment control; Ballast tank arrangements; Bilge pumping arrangements, pumps and pipe line identification; Electrical requirements, installation in pump rooms, cargo tanks, open deck, bonding and requirements for individual substances; Fire protection, fire safety arrangements, inerting, inerting systems, fire extinguishing systems; Tank filling; Personal protection requirements; Sample taking; Maximum allowable quantity per tank; Tank washing methods, tank entry; Tank heating; Personnel training and cargo information; Overflow control. Practical considerations in loading, carrying and discharging cargo on oil and chemical tankers: Loading practices; Physical and chemical properties of crude oil, stabilized crude, sour crude and spiked crude; Saturated vapour-pressure, vapour/temperature relationship, boiling point, influence of pressure on boiling point temperature, Reid vapour pressure, flash point, flammable range, upper and lower flammable limit, relationship between flash point, and lower flammable limit; Principle of controlled cargo tank atmosphere; Static electricity during loading, discharging, tank washing, gas freeing, clearing lines, electrical storm, flammability and explosion hazards, gas concentration at deck level, tank coating in relation to gas retention; Piping arrangement, ring main and free flow systems; Practical operation of cargo pumps, drop line, eductors; Control equipment for drainage; Pre-planned loading/discharging procedure; Safety considerations, checklists, ship/shore liaison; Communications; General precautions; Inerting and purging operations; Ship to ship transfer procedure; Tank cleaning, static generation, tank cleaning in controllable atmospheres; Precautions procedures, tank cleaning in inerted atmospheres, action to be taken in case of inert gas system failure, fixed tank cleaning systems; Crude oil washing system, cargo pump, eductors, checks required before crude oil washing, aborting crude oil washing; Oil pollution sea and air, chemical dispersing agents and their use; Load on top and crude oil washing; Ballast after crude oil washing; Tank inspection after crude oil washing; Pumping arrangements, remote controls for pumping equipment; Action in event of fire, grounding spillage and failure of services essential to cargo; Portable and fixed measuring instruments, their function, interpretation and calibration of combustible gas indicators and oxygen analyzers, toxic gas determination, procedures for entry into pumprooms, tanks and gas dangerous spaces, enclosed space entry permits and check lists; Tank rescue equipment; Protective clothing and equipment, resuscitation equipment; Toxic Limit Value, acute and chronic effects of toxicity, health hazards, effects of crude oil, distillates, sulphuric acid (H2SO4), aromatic and leaded fuels; Mooring operations, ship/shore and pollution prevention check list. Gas tankers Gases: Ship characteristics and cargo containment; Gases and their properties; Potential hazards to health, toxicity, acute and chronic effects of toxicity, cryogenic and toxic effects on skin, IMO first aid guide; Flammability and explosion, sources of ignition, insulating flange; Environment hazards; Re-liquefaction and boil-off control; Instrumentation, liquid level gauges, ultrasonic gauges etc., level alarm and automatic shut down, temperature-monitoring devices; Safe practices, procedures and precautions for entry into enclosed spaces; Gas monitoring equipment, fixed and portable; Personnel safety equipment, clothing and personal protection; Shipboard emergency plan, organization and planning; Personnel emergencies; Cargo spillage; Cargo overflow; Cargo handling equipment; Emergency shut-down; Overflow control. Practical considerations in loading, carrying and discharging on liquid gas carriers: Design dependent upon the type of cargo to be carried, conditions of carriage, fully-pressurized semi-refrigerated or fully refrigerated, type of trade and terminal facilities; Cargo containment systems, independent, membrane, semi-membrane, integral or independent tank type; Liquid natural gas (LNG) carriers generally transport LNG at its atmospheric pressure boiling point of -162° C; Gas carriers not permitted to have a pump room, submersible cargo pumps used for cargo discharge; Cargo tanks not used for ballast purposes, separate ballast tanks; Gas tankers, fixed water spray system for fire protection, covering cargo tank domes, fitted dry powder installation for cargo area fires. |
| General knowledge of Bulk Carriers |
Knowledge of the operational and design limitations of bulk carriers. Knowledge of SOLAS Chap XII on additional safety measures for bulk carriers; Knowledge of the Code for the Safe Loading and Unloading of bulk Carriers (BLU Code) Ability to use all available shipboard data related to loading, care and unloading of bulk cargoes. Ability to establish procedures for safe cargo handling in accordance with the provisions of the relevant instruments such as BC Code, IMDG Code, MARPOL 73/78, Annexes III and V and other relevant information. |
| Effective communications between ship and terminal personnel | Ability to explain the basic principles for establishing effective communications and improving working relationship between ship and terminal personnel. |
| Competence: | Carriage of dangerous goods |
| International regulations, standards, codes and recommendations on the carriage of dangerous cargoes, including the Code of Safe Practice for Solid Bulk Cargoes (BC Code) and the the International Code for the Construction and Equipment of Ships Carrying Dangerous Chemicals in Bulk (IBC Code) |
International Regulations and Codes Knowledge of the content and application of International Regulations Standards, Codes and Recommendations of the carriage of dangerous cargoes, including SOLAS Chap VI on the carriage of cargoes, and the Code of Safe Practice for Solid Bulk Cargoes (BC Code); Ability to plan loading and stowage in accordance with the International Code for the Construction and Equipment of Ships Carrying Dangerous Chemicals in Bulk (IBC Code). |
| Carriage of dangerous, hazardous and harmful cargoes; precautions during loading and unloading and care during the voyage |
Dangerous Goods in packages Knowledge of the requirements of SOLAS chapter VII on the carriage of dangerous goods; Knowledge of the content and application of the International Maritime Dangerous Goods (IMDG) Code; Knowledge of the content of the Transportation of Dangerous Goods Act and Regulations; Knowledge of the content of the Cargo, Fumigation and Tackles Regulations concerning the transportation of dangerous goods; The content of the shipper’s declaration of dangerous goods; The marking and labelling required on packages or cargo units; Ability to describe the information given for individual substances; Knowledge of the content of the IMO Emergency procedures for ship’s carrying dangerous goods (Ems), the IMO Medical first aid guide for use in accidents involving dangerous goods (MFAG) and the International Medical Guide for Ships (IMGS); The requirement for a dangerous goods manifest or stowage plan and the ability to describe how they should be prepared; Ability to plan loading, stowage and segregation in accordance with the IMDG Code The explosives which may be carried on passenger ships; The information given in an emergency schedule; Given a loading list of dangerous goods, ability to use the IMDG Code to plan a stow and segregation and extracts the relevant references to EmS and MFGA; Definitions of dangerous substances, port authority, regulatory authority, designated port officer, and responsible person as used in the Recommendations on the Safe Transport, Handling and Storage of Dangerous substances in port areas; The inspections which may be made by a port authority; Communications with the port authority; The requirements regarding mooring a ship carrying dangerous substances; The measures which should be taken by the responsible person in connection with:
The handling precautions which should be observed regarding:
Special precautions for loading or unloading explosives. |
5.15 Engineering Knowledge (Examination Code: EK 2)
- The examination consists of a written test comprising descriptive questions.
- The examination is of a three hours duration.
- The examination is based upon:
| Subject | Knowledge required |
|---|---|
| Competence: | Operate remote controls of propulsion plant and engineering systems and services |
| Operating principles of marine power plants |
Diesel engines 2-stroke diesel cycle; 4-stroke diesel cycle; Advantages and disadvantages of a slow speed diesel engine; The cause of scavenge fires and how they are dealt with; Methods of supercharging; The fuel oil system from bunker tank to injection; The lubrication system; Engine cooling water system; The advantages and disadvantages of a medium speed diesel; The need for gearing with medium-speed diesels; The arrangement of clutch and gears; Preparing diesel engine for stand-by; The method of starting and reversing a diesel engine. Steam turbine systems Knowledge of impulse and reaction turbines; Requirements, precautions and procedures for warming through; Application for impulse and reaction turbines; Axial thrust, including how axial thrust is taken in reaction turbines; Material used for the major components of steam turbines; Purposes of nozzles used in steam turbines. Gas turbines Knowledge of principles of operation of a gas turbines; Materials used in the major components of a gas turbine; Marine-based applications of the gas turbines. Propeller and propeller shaft Knowledge of construction and arrangement of a water-lubricated and oil-lubricated type stern tube; Major components of transmission systems; Construction and working principles of a thrust block; Construction and working principles of a shaft bearing; Arrangement of intermediate shafts; Construction and fitting arrangement of a fixed propeller to the tail shaft; Working principles of a controllable pitch propeller. Knowledge of the method of checking the pitch of a propeller; How the propeller transfers shaft power into thrust; Relationship between pitch and power; Operation of a typical CPP system. Bridge control Knowledge of the sequence of operation of bridge control for the main engine, including control from bridge, machinery control room, engine control local and changeover controls; Imposed conditions and essentials for critical speed and reversing of main engines; Essentials elements of a control system with reference to proportional action, integral action, derivative action, and multiple-term controllers; Arrangements for a manual override; Indicators and alarms provided with bridge control; Arrangement and operations of lateral thrusters; Bridge control and indicators for lateral thrusters. |
| Ships’ auxiliary machinery |
Boilers Ability to distinguish between water-tube and fire tube boilers; Describe auxiliary boilers; Describe a waste-heat boiler; Describe exhaust-gas heat exchangers; Describe steam to steam generators and explain where and why they are used; Describe a boiler fuel oil supply system; Describe the effect of dissolved salts in the feed water and how it is treated; What is meant by priming. Distillation and Fresh-water Systems Distillation system; Operation of a flash evaporator; Treatment of fresh water intended for drinking; Domestic water system. Pumps and Pumping system Knowledge of the principles of operation and application of centrifugal, positive displacement, gear, screw and reciprocating-piston type pumps in the machinery space or pump room of a modern ship; Knowledge of bilge systems, ballast systems, cargo piping systems and oily water separators. Steering gear Ram-type hydraulic steering gear; Rotary-vane steering gear; How hydraulic power is provided by variable-delivery pumps; IMO requirements for auxiliary steering gear and how they are met by ram-type and rotary-vane steering gear; Telemotor control system; Electric steering control; How the change from remote to local control in the steering gear compartment is made; The requirement for power supplies to electric and electrohydraulic steering gear; The requirements for emergency control of the steering gear; IMO requirements for testing steering gear and for drills. Generators, Alternators and Electrical distribution Operation of a D.C. generator; Functioning of shunt- and compound-wound D.C. motors; Operation of an alternator; Functioning of induction motors; The relative advantages and disadvantages of generation and distribution of D.C. and A.C.; D.C. and A.C. distribution systems; The use of circuit breakers and fuses; Ability to draw and describe a navigation light circuit with indicators and alarm, showing an alternative power supply; The use of rectifiers; The characteristics of lead-acid batteries and of alkaline batteries; The maintenance of batteries; Safety precautions; The safety precautions to be observed for battery compartments; The starting requirements for emergency generating sets; The services to be supplied from the emergency generator; The supplementary emergency lighting for ro-ro passenger ships; Knowledge of Uninterruptable Power Supply (UPS) for computer and control system, operation and preventive maintenance. Refrigeration, Air-conditioning and ventilation Vapour-compression-cycle refrigeration plant; Properties of refrigerant; The use of secondary refrigerants for cooling compartments; The co-efficient of performance of a refrigeration plant; Air-conditioning plant; Ventilation system for accommodation; Mechanical ventilation systems for ship’s holds. Stabilizers Construction and operation of fin stabilizers; Arrangement and operation of a flume stabilizer. Sewage Treatment Plants Operation of a chemical sewage treatment plant; Operation of a biological sewage treatment plant. Oily-water separators and oil filtering equipment The construction and operation of an oily-water separator (producing effluent that contains less than 100 ppm of oil); Construction and operation of oil filtering equipment (producing effluent that contains not more than 15 ppm of oil); Why oily-water separators, even if well maintained and correctly operated, may not function properly; How an oil-content meter functions; Oil discharge monitoring and control system. Incinerators The functioning of a waste incinerator. Deck machinery Knowledge of general arrangement of deck machinery, main drivers used on deck auxiliaries, anchor handling equipment, windlass arrangement, automatic and manual mooring winches; Cargo handling arrangements including derrick rig systems, heavy lifting system, deck cranes, cargo cranes, grabbing cranes, self-unloading systems, hatches including types of mechanically-operated hatch covers; Lifeboat davits. Maintenance of hatch covers Maintenance of trackways, wheels, gears, racks, pinions, side cleats, cross joint wedge mechanisms, drainage channels, drainage holes; Adjustments of the tension of draw chains; Maintenance and inspection of the hydraulic systems; How to check that compression bars are making complete contact with sealing gaskets; Water tightness test on hatch covers. Hydraulic systems Distinguish between open- and closed-loop systems; Ability to describe a live-line circuit supplied by a centralized hydraulic power system; Radial-piston and axial-piston variable-stroke pumps; How the variable-stroke pump can act as controller and power supply; Ability to sketch and describe a simple spool valve with shutoff and control of flow direction; Ram and rotary-vane actuators; Hydraulic accumulator and its purpose. Air receivers: Knowledge of the function, limitations and purpose of air receivers and fittings; Dangers associated with and precautions that must be taken when using an air receiver. Fire Detection and extinguishing system Knowledge of smoke and heat detectors; Fire extinguishing systems; Inert-gas smothering system; Self-contained inert-gas generator; Inert-gas system taken from boiler uptake; CO2 as a fire smothering agent, rules and regulations for operation of CO2 system, CO2 flooding system for cargo holds, CO2 total flooding system for machinery space, CO2 activation alarm system, bulk CO2 system under refrigeration; Fire extinguishing mediums, when and how to use them; Fire alarms, manually operated, fire alarm switches, shut off machinery spaces, remote stations; Emergency shut off device on fuel tanks; Main fire pumps, emergency fire pumps; Fire mains, valve used on a hydrant; Purpose of international shore connection; Hydrants and hoses; Reasons why hoses are tested. Depth measuring instruments Knowledge of pneumercator gauge, float tank gauge, distant reading tank float gauge; Effects of trim and heel; Limitations of each gauge when measuring tank depth or draught measuring. Self-Unloading vessel Knowledge of cargo-handling tunnels; Gate structure types; Self-unloading booms; Advantages and disadvantages of each type; Belt/bucket system; Attachments to booms, precautions for safe operation. Vessels operating in ice Knowledge of machinery operation considerations when navigating in ice; Methods of freeing a vessel from ice utilizing pumping of tanks or flume system. |
| General knowledge of marine engineering |
Engineering terms and fuel consumption Ability to use engineering terms when describing and explaining the operation of the machinery and equipment mentioned above; Definition of mass, force, work, power, energy, pressure, stress, strain, and heat; Units in which each is measured; What is meant by the efficiency of machine; Description of an indicator diagram and the information obtainable from it; Definition of indicated power, shaft power, propeller power and thrust; Definition of the Admiralty coefficient, fuel coefficient; Fuel oil calculations using provided information to calculate consumption, most economic speed, estimating fuel consumption to complete a voyage, slip percentage; How the condition of the hull affects the fuel coefficient and the fuel consumption. Vibration Knowledge of major sources of vibration in ships; Natural vibration, forced vibration and resonance; Generation of harmonic motion and details of their compensation; Effects of draft and speed; Vibration monitors; Critical speed and techniques used to counter critical speed in rotating machinery. Materials Knowledge of effects of temperature on metals; Principles of galvanic corrosion on a vessel; Method of cathodic protection; Method of impressed current system; How design and maintenance can alleviate considerable corrosion on marine vessels. |
5.16 Simulated Electronic Navigation – Management Level (Examination Code: SIM II)
- The examination consists of a simulated exercise conducted by Marine Safety to candidates who have successfully completed the SEN 2 course.
- The objective is to determine that the student has sufficient knowledge, understanding and proficiency to make appropriate decisions in complex navigational situations, to manage the bridge watchkeeping team and to comply with the Bridge Watchkeeping arrangements and principles to be observed set out in STCW Regulation VIII/2 and STCW Code Section A-VIII/2
- In a simulated environment, the student will assume the duties and responsibilities of the master aboard ships having specified manoeuvring characteristics. Using the necessary instruments and publications, the student will prepare and execute a voyage
- During a SIM 2 examination, two candidates will be in each cubicle: one student will act as master and the other as O.O.W. The candidate acting as master will be assessed during the exam.
- The voyage planning is of a one and a half to three hours duration. To be completed ahead of simulator examination.
- The simulator examination is of a two hours duration.
- The detailed syllabus of the SEN 2 course is presented in TP 4958, Simulated Electronic Navigation courses.
| Subject | Knowledge required |
|---|---|
| Competence: | Plan a voyage and conduct navigation |
| Voyage planning and navigational bridge preparation |
Plan and prepare a passage plan Select charts and lay off courses for a voyage of approximately 20 nautical miles; Mark alter course and wheel over positions; Mark positions of danger areas in the proximity of the intended track; Mark traffic Calling-In-Points (C.I.P.) and distance to next C.I.P.; Indicate positions where a change of machinery status will be required; Provide parallel indexing information on the chart or information on the elements used to construct an ARPA graphic map; Identify on the chart the radar datum chosen for parallel indexing; Time of H.W./L.W. and information on tidal currents; Pilotage information if applicable; Total distance and steaming time at proposed speed. Navigator’s notebook: Passage plan information also to be found in a navigator’s notebook. Bridge preparation Setting up of navigating instruments, radars and ARPAs; Navigation lights and sound signals to be used as necessary; Status of engine, steering and other controls as the case may be to be ascertained. |
| Execution of the voyage |
Chartwork and pilotage Use blind pilotage techniques ; Maintain regular position fixing; Apply set and drift or leeway as required; Adjust course and speed after departure from original as necessary; Use parallel index techniques during passage and anchoring or when taking pilots, etc. Traffic Assessment and Collision Avoidance Assess targets (by use of relative motion plot, or ARPA); Evaluate navigational information derived from all sources, including radar and ARPA, in order to make and implement command decisions for collision avoidance in accordance with Collision Regulations and for directing the safe navigation of the ship. Exercise Specific Conditions Demonstrate ability in manoeuvring ship - stopping – anchoring; Using traffic separation scheme and Vessel Traffic Services (V.T.S.); complying with Harbor Regulations; responding to onboard emergencies, person overboard and Search and Rescue (SAR) operations; Demonstrate a knowledge and understanding of the procedures contained in IMO International Aeronautical and Maritime Search and Rescue manual (IAMSAR). Use of radio Communicate adequately with Vessel Traffic Services (V.T.S.) as required; communicate with other vessels as appropriate using recognized radio procedures and international maritime vocabulary. Aids to navigation Use navaids and as appropriate, all available electronic navigation instruments including ARPA; Appreciate the inter- relationship and optimum use of all navigational data available for conducting navigation; Appreciation of system errors and thorough understanding of the operational aspects of modern navigational systems, including radar and ARPA. |
| Overall Comprehension and debriefing | Overall comprehension of the exercise (in debriefing); Justify all actions taken during the exercise according to the Collision regulations, all other applicable regulations and the ordinary practice of seamen; Understanding the use of electronic navaids and associated errors (including ARPA). |
5.17 Oral examination on General Seamanship (Examination Code: MM-O)
- Candidates should demonstrate the ability to apply the knowledge outlined in this oral examination syllabus by appropriate responses, anticipations and reactions to a range of routine, non-routine and contingency scenarios as presented by the examiner, from the perspective of the duties and responsibilities associated to the validity of the Master Mariner certificate, as set out in section 5.2 of this chapter.
- The examination is of an unlimited duration.
- The examination is based upon:
| Subject | Knowledge required |
|---|---|
| Competence: | Plan and conduct safe navigation |
| Routeing in accordance with the General Principles on Ships’ Routeing and weather routeing | The use of pilot charts and other nautical publications such as Sailing Directions, Notices to Mariners and the like to select an optimum route, taking into account distance, wind, sea states, currents, ice, icebergs, bad visibility, the nature of the cargo, load lines, crew agreements, etc; The principles of Weather Routeing; The practical use of weather forecasts before undertaking a voyage and for decision making during the voyage; The interpretation of a synoptic chart to forecast local area weather; The characteristics of various weather systems. |
| Establish and maintain a Safe Navigational Watch | Principles to be observed in keeping a navigational watch as set out in the STCW Code, section A-VIII/2, including under pilotage, and watchkeeping at anchor and in port; A thorough knowledge of the content, application and intent of the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at sea, 1972 with Canadian Modifications 1983. |
| Competence: | Monitor and control compliance with legislative requirements and measures to ensure safety of life at sea and the protection of the marine environment |
| Knowledge of international maritime law embodied in international agreements and conventions and National Legislation for Implementing International Agreements and Conventions |
Certificates and other documents Certificates and other documents required to be carried on board ships by International Conventions and their period of validity; Certificates and documents required to be carried on board domestic vessels and their periods of validity. International conventions Major elements covered by international conventions such as the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS), the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL), the International Convention for the Control and Management of Ships Ballast Water and Sediments, the Maritime labour Convention and the International Convention on Standards of Training, Certification and watchkeeping for Seafarers 1978 as amended (STCW Convention) and STCW Code; Purpose and application of the International Safety Management (ISM) Code Purpose of Flag State and Port State control. |
| Monitor compliance with legislative requirements and measures to ensure safety of life at sea | Knowledge of master’s / ship’s responsibilities under the Marine Personnel Regulations; the validity of certificates of competency and endorsements; knowledge and application of the Marine Occupational Safety and Health Regulations; the requirements of the CSA and Marine Personnel Regulations concerning crew agreements, the official log book and compulsory entries, inspection of living quarters and storerooms, complaints procedure; The master’s obligation with regard to initial and subsequent reports to be made in case of a marine occurrence; Load-line marks – entries and reports in respect of freeboard, draft and allowances; The requirements of the regulations concerning life-saving and fire-fighting appliances; Application of hours of work and rest legislation; Navigation Safety Regulations relating to danger messages; A knowledge of the master’s obligations with respect to pilotage. |
| Competence: | Ensure compliance with pollution-prevention requirements |
| Ensure compliance with pollution-prevention requirements | Precautions to be taken to prevent pollution of the marine environment as required by the MARPOL convention, including Restricted Areas and the disposal of pollutants; Take appropriate action in response to pollution incidents onboard and found at sea; Knowledge of the contents of the SOPEP manual, Garbage Management Plans and anti-pollution equipment; Master’s duties, obligations and liabilities, including the keeping of records. |
| Competence: | Manoeuvre and handle a ship in all conditions |
| Manoeuvre and handle a ship in all conditions including: |
Factors affecting safe manoeuvring and handling Ability to determine the manoeuvring and propulsion characteristics of common types of ships with special reference to stopping distances and turning circles at various draughts and speeds; The effects of deadweight, draught, trim, speed and under keel clearance on turning circles and stopping distances; Knowledge of the effects of wind and current on ship handling; Behaviour of the ship when engines are put astern; Behaviour of a ship when moving ahead or stopped with a wind from various directions; Propeller and rudder effects on steering, including wake current, transverse thrust and screw race when going ahead and astern. Confined and shallow waters Manoeuvres when approaching pilot stations and embarking or disembarking pilots, with due regard to weather, tide, headreach and stopping distances; Handling ship in rivers, estuaries and restricted waters, having regard to the effects of current, wind and restricted water on helm response; Definition of shallow water, squat, blockage factor; Manoeuvring in shallow water, including the reduction in under keel clearance caused by squat, rolling and pitching; Interaction between passing ships and between own ship and nearby banks (canal effect); Effect of bank suction and bank cushion in restricted waters; Importance of navigating at reduced speed to avoid damage caused by own ship's bow wave and stern wave. Berthing and unberthing Use of propulsion and manoeuvring systems; Practical berthing and unberthing under various conditions of wind, tide and current with and without tugs; Ship and tug interaction; How to make fast tugs on towing hawsers or lashed up alongside; Turning a vessel short round; Preparation to be made for berthing alongside, including head ropes, stern ropes, breast ropes, springs, stopper, heaving lines, winches, self-tensioning winches, capstan, windlass, wire rope; Making fast on-shore bollards being used by another ship; Use of mooring on the bight and doubling up; Methods of mooring to a buoy. Anchoring Choice of and approach to an anchorage; Anchoring with one or two anchors in limited anchorages and factors involved in determining the length of anchor cable to be used; Anchoring to a stern anchor; Method of letting go; Anchoring in water too deep to let the anchor go on the brake; Preparation and procedures during heaving up; Dragging anchor; clearing fouled anchors. Dry-docking Preparation for and manoeuvres for dry-docking, both with and without damage. Heavy weather and rescue operations Management and handling of ships in heavy weather, including assisting a ship or aircraft in distress; towing operations; means of keeping an unmanageable ship out of trough of the sea, lessening drift and use of oil; precautions in manoeuvring to launch rescue boats or survival craft in bad weather; methods of taking on board survivors from rescue boats and survival craft; handling a disabled ship Ice navigation Practical measures to be taken when navigating in or near ice or in conditions of ice accumulation on board; Procedures in ice, alone or in convoy, and movements to be expected by an ice breaker with reference to Transport Canada publication Ice Navigation in Canadian Waters; Methods of freeing a vessel from ice utilizing pumping of tanks or flume system. Seaway, canal navigation and locks Locking and unlocking a vessel; Use of lines in securing a vessel and in warping alongside a berth; Use of lines in a lock or lay-by; Seaway Practices and Procedures contained in the Seaway Handbook. |
| Normal and emergency towing operations |
Practical knowledge of normal and emergency towing and in particular of the following elements: Taking and being taken in tow; Cables used for towing and the required length; The towing point; Towing bitts and hooks; How to approach a vessel to be towed and pass the first connection by line-throwing apparatus or other methods; How to pay out the towing wire under control; Methods of securing the towing wire at the towing ship; How the towing wire should be protected from chafing at fairleads; How to take the weight of the tow; How the towing speed should be decided; The effect of the towing cable on the centre of gravity of the tug and on its stability; Events that may result in the capsizing of the tug; The different ways to instantly release the towing cable in an urgent situation; The use of an emergency tow line; How to disconnect the tow on arrival at the destination. |
| Competence: | Respond to navigational emergencies |
| Respond to navigational emergencies | The circumstances in which a vessel may be beached; Compare the relative advantages of beaching broadside-on and at right-angles to the beach; Measures which can be taken to prevent the ship driving further ashore and to assist with subsequent refloating. |
| Action to be taken if grounding is imminent, and after grounding | An action to be taken if grounding is imminent; Duties of the master following a grounding; Actions to be taken following grounding. |
| Refloating a grounded ship with and without assistance | Measures which can be taken to prevent further damage to the ship and to assist with subsequent refloating; How ballast or other weights may be moved, taken on or discharged to assist refloating; how a ship can be stabilized to prevent movement during unloading operations; The use of ground tackle for hauling off; Ways in which tugs may be used to assist in refloating; The use of the main engine in attempting to refloat and the danger of building up silt from its use. |
| Action to be taken if collision is imminent and following a collision or impairment of the watertight integrity of the hull by any cause | Action to be taken if collision is imminent; Duties of the master following a collision; actions to be taken following a collision or impairment of the watertight integrity of the hull by any cause. |
| Competence: | Respond to navigational emergencies |
| Assessment of damage control | Ability to determine damage to own ship; Measures to attempt to limit damage and salve own ship. |
| Emergency steering |
Arrangements of auxiliary steering gear; How the auxiliary steering gear is brought into action; How to change from bridge control to local control in the steering gear compartment; Possible course of action which may be taken by a disabled ship; Methods of securing the rudder in the event of a broken rudder stock; Jury steering arrangement using materials normally found aboard ship; Means of constructing a jury rudder, where practicable. |
| Emergency towing arrangements and towing procedures |
How to approach a disabled vessel and pass the first connection by line-throwing apparatus or other methods; How to pay out the towing wire under control; Methods of securing the towing wire at the towing ship; Preparation made by the disabled ship; How to take the weight of the tow; How the towing wire should be protected from chafing at fairleads; How the towing speed should be decided; How to disconnect the tow on arrival at the destination; Describe the emerging towing arrangements for all tankers of not less than 20,000 dwt. |
| Competence: | Assess reported defects and damages to cargo spaces, hatch covers and ballast tanks and take appropriate action |
| Bulk Carriers | Knowledge of the limitations on strength of the vital constructional parts of a standard bulk carrier and ability to interpret given figures for bending moments and shear forces. Ability to explain how to avoid the detrimental effects on bulk carriers of corrosion, fatigue and inadequate cargo handling. |
| Competence: | Organize and manage the crew |
| A knowledge of personnel management, organization and training on board ship |
Taking command All aspects involved in taking command of a vessel, or changing over command of a vessel. Personnel Management Principles of controlling subordinates and maintaining good relationships; Staff attitudes; Exercise of authority Group behaviour; Conditions of employment. Organization of staff Manning arrangements; Analysis of work; Allocation of staff; Organizing for safety and emergencies; Organizing for staff duties; Organizing for maintenance; Ship’s records; Organizing communication on the ship; Meeting techniques. Training on board ships Training methods; Emergency drills. |
| Competence: | Organize and manage the crew |
| Effective bridge teamwork procedures |
Bridge Teamwork Procedures: Master/Pilot Relationship Why the Master and pilot should agree on plans and procedures for the intended voyage; Any specials conditions of weather, tidal currents, depth or marine traffic which may be expected should be discussed; The Master should provide the pilot with the pilot card and make available the manoeuvring booklet or, in their absence, provide him details of the ship’s particulars and manoeuvring characteristics, including information on the ship’s response to wind forces; special characteristics related to squat should be discussed; The Master should inform the pilot of any unusual handling characteristics, machinery difficulties or problems with navigational equipment which could affect the operation, handling of safe manoeuvring of the ship; The pilot should give information on the intended use of tugs, if any; The Master and pilot should discuss, if applicable, special consideration concerning passing or overtaking of other vessels in narrow channels. Bridge Team Management The benefits of effective disposition of manpower on the bridge; How error chains can be avoided; Contingency plans for routine manoeuvres; The importance of effective internal and external communication; The needs for adequate information flow between team members; Failure to monitor the ship’s position and communicate effectively has lead to casualties. Teamwork The need for effective planning including:
Effective management of resources includes personnel, equipment and time; The importance of correctly handling the communication between members of the bridge team including the pilot; Ability to recognise the risk factors involved with a planned passage; The need for effective flow of information. |
| Competence: | Organize and manage the provision of medical care on board |
|
A thorough knowledge of the use and contents of the following publications: International Medical Guide for Ships or equivalent national publications Medical section of the International Code of Signals Medical First Aid Guide for Use in Accidents Involving Dangerous Goods |
International Medical Guide for Ships Ability to describe the content and application of the publication; Ability to extract and apply information for given situation. International Code of Signals (Medical Section) Ability to describe the content and application of the publication; Ability to construct and interpret messages. Medical First Aid Guide for use in Accidents involving Dangerous Goods Ability to describe the content and application of the publication; Ability to extract and apply information for given situations. |
| Competence: | Co-ordinate search and rescue operations |
|
A thorough knowledge of and ability to apply the procedures contained in the IMO International Aeronautical and Maritime Search and Rescue manual (IAMSAR) |
Demonstrate a knowledge and understanding of the procedures contained in IMO International Aeronautical and Maritime Search and Rescue manual (IAMSAR). |
| Competence: | Maintain safety and security of the ship’s crew and passengers |
| Actions to be taken to protect and safeguard all persons on board in emergencies | Crew members will be assigned specific duties for mustering and control of passengers, list those duties; Rescue of persons from a vessel in distress or from a wreck; Man-overboard procedures. |
| Actions to limit damage and salve the ship following a fire, explosion, collision or grounding | Means of limiting damage and salving the ship following a fire or explosion; Procedure for abandoning ship. |
| Competence: | Develop emergency and damage control plans and handle emergency situations |
| Preparation of contingency plans for response to emergencies |
Contingency plans for response to emergencies Ability to draw up a muster list and emergency instructions for a given crew and type of ship; Ability to assign duties for the operation of remote controls; The division of the crew into a command team, an emergency team, a back-up emergency team and an engine-room emergency team; Ability to designate muster positions for the command team and emergency team, both at sea and in port; Ability to draw up plans to deal with fire in specific areas, rescue of victims of a gassing accident in an enclosed space, heavy weather damage, rescue of survivors from another ship or from the sea, leakages and spills of dangerous cargo, stranding and abandoning ship; The role of a shipboard safety committee in contingency planning; As per the approved training course in Senior Management (MED for Senior officers). Actions to be taken when emergencies arise in port Actions to take in the event of fire on own ship; Action which should be taken when fire occurs on nearby ship or an adjacent port facility; The circumstances in which a ship should put to sea for reasons of safety; The actions which can be taken to avoid a ship dragging anchor towards own ship in an anchorage; The actions and precautions to take when a submarine cable is lifted by the anchor; How to buoy and slip an anchor; How an anchor can be recovered when no power is available at the windlass. |
| Ship construction, including damage control |
Flooding of compartments The extent of damage which a passenger ship should withstand; The provisions for dealing with asymmetrical flooding; The possible effects of sustaining damage when in a less favourable condition; The extent of damage which a Type A ship of over 150 metres length should withstand; The requirements for survivability of Type B ships with reduced freeboard assigned; The equilibrium conditions regarded as satisfactory after flooding. |
| Competence: | Cargo Handling and Stowage |
| Cargo Handling, Stowage, Securing and Care | The safe working practices and procedures in relation to Cargo Handling, Stowage, Securing and Care. |
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