5.1 General
- This chapter describes a course providing specialized Oil Tanker safety training, and training on Crude Oil washing ( COW ) and Inert gas ( IG ) systems operation. The first week focuses on tanker safety while the COW / IG training is given in the second week. The whole is a stand-alone course designed to fulfil the requirements of Section A-V/1 of the STCW code, but the COW / IG part may be given separately to applicants who have previously completed the Tanker Safety training.
- The completion of this course is necessary to obtain the Specialized Oil tanker Training endorsement on a deck or engineer officer certificate. Refer to Section 228 of the Marine Personnel Regulations for details regarding the requirements of this endorsement and training according to personnel responsibilities and position on board.
5.2 Objectives
- Provide the training required under Section 165 of the Marine Personnel Regulations in order to obtain a Specialized Oil Tanker Training endorsement.
- Enable the participants to take immediate responsibility for the loading, discharging or transfer of cargo and the operation of cargo equipment.
5.3 Duration
55 hours
5.4 Prerequisites
- MED with respect to STCW basic safety
- MED in advanced fire fighting
- Successful completion of an approved training course in Oil and Chemical tanker familiarization or holder of an Oil and Chemical Tanker Familiarization certificate or Endorsement
5.5 Specific instructor qualifications
- The main course instructor must hold a Master Mariner or a First-class engineer certificate with a valid Specialized Oil Tanker Training endorsement, but AMSP may consider lower certificates in special circumstances for instructors with additional experience on oil tankers. If the course is under the supervision of more than one instructor, the assistant instructors must hold qualifications related to the marine industry or have related skills and be approved in accordance with the Quality Management Manual – Marine Personnel Standards and Pilotage, referred to in Chapter 2.
5.6 Equipment requirements
- Personnel safety equipment, including breathing apparatus;
- Tank evacuation equipment;
- Portable oxygen meter and oxygen analyser;
- Portable combustible-gas indicator;
- Portable interferometer;
- Portable gas detector and sample detector tubes for vapours and gasses;
- Tankscope for detecting and measuring hydrocarbon vapours in inert gas spaces;
- Resuscitator;
- IMO medical first aid guide for accidents involving dangerous goods;
- ISM Code;
- IMO publication “Guidelines for the Development of Shipboard Emergency Response Plans”
- Sample health data and cargo data sheets, emergency plans and casualty reports;
- Audio-visual presentation equipment.
5.7 Outline
| Subject Area | Hours | |
| Theory | Practical | |
| 1. The Oil Tanker
1.1 Give a brief overview of oil tanker design and development 1.2 Describe types of oil tanker in current service 1.3 Discuss national and international legislation affecting oil tankers |
2 | |
| 2. Basic applied science
2.1 Revise basic physics concepts 2.2 Outline physical and chemical properties of petroleum 2.3 Explain the principle of the controlled tank atmosphere 2.4 Explain the principles of electrostatics |
4 | |
| 3. Oil Tanker cargo handling systems
3.1 Describe pipeline, pumping and discharge arrangements 3.2 Identify cargo and ballast measuring devices 3.3 Compare venting arrangements 3.4 Describe cargo heating systems 3.5 Locate bunker systems and bunker transfer equipment |
4 | |
| 4. Oil Tanker operations
4.1 Plan for port arrival 4.2 Describe ballasting and de-ballasting operations 4.3 Prepare for loading and discharge operations 4.4 Identify inert gas requirements 4.5 Describe cargo loading and cargo discharging operations 4.6 Identify crude oil washing requirements 4.7 Explain tank washing procedures 4.8 Discuss purging and gas-freeing 4.9 Describe general procedures for combination carriers |
4 | |
| 5. Health and Safety
5.1 Describe health hazards associated with petroleum cargoes 5.2 Describe the function and use of gas indicators 5.3 Implement control measures for enclosed space safety 5.4 Review fire-fighting principles |
2 | 5 |
| 6. Emergency procedures
6.1 Discuss the use and requirements of an emergency plan 6.2 Describe ship and shore emergency alarms 6.3 Give an overview of general safety precautions |
3 | |
| 7. Safety in terminal operations
7.1 Provide details of oil terminal information exchange 7.2 Describe oil tanker and terminal mooring arrangements 7.3 Describe oil terminal emergency procedures |
3 | |
| 8. Pollution prevention
8.1 Discuss pollution of the marine environment from oil tankers 8.2 Summarize regulatory requirements for pollution prevention 8.3 Describe operational pollution control requirements of oil tankers 8.4 Respond to marine oil spills 8.5 Supervise transfer operations |
4 | |
| 9. Inert Gas systems
9.1 Describe the Inert Gas System ( IG ) 9.2 Describe components and design considerations 9.3 Describe the principles of operation of the IG system 9.4 Apply principles of operation to cargo tank operations 9.5 Activate emergency procedures 9.6 Prescribe maintenance, inspection and testing |
10 | |
| 10. Crude Oil Washing (
COW
)
10.1 Describe Crude Oil Washing ( COW ) 10.2 Describe regulatory requirements for COW 10.3 Explain the principles of crude oil washing 10.4 Provide details of COW equipment and design factors 10.5 Apply COW principles 10.6 Determine cold weather techniques 10.7 Complete checklists and prepare COW plans |
10 | |
| 11. Cargo and Emergency management
11.1 Summarize the International Safety Management System 11.2 Develop criteria for different types of emergency |
4 | |
| 50 hours | 5 hours | |
| Total | 55 hours | |
5.8 Syllabus
1. The Oil Tanker
1.1 Give a brief overview of oil tanker design and development
1.1.6 Introduce the concept of carriage of oil at sea
1.1.7 Discuss the evolution of the oil tanker
1.1.8 Describe a typical oil tanker general arrangement
1.1.9 Identify general tank and ship arrangements
1.1.10 Describe safety aspects of design
1.1.11 Review general stability concepts in relation to design factors:
1.1.11.1 Transverse statical stability
1.1.11.2 Longitudinal stresses
1.1.11.3 Free surface effect
1.1.11.4 Sheer forces
1.1.11.5 Bending moments
1.1.11.6 Hogging and sagging
1.2 Describe types of oil tanker in current service
1.2.6 Distinguish:
– oil tanker
– crude oil tanker
– product carrier
– combination carrier
1.2.7 Differentiate single hull and double-hull oil tanker
Topics and Learning Objectives
1.2.8 Describe the features of a double-hull oil tanker
1.2.9 Explain the term combination carrier
1.2.10 Identify an OBO and O/O carrier
1.3 Discuss international and national legislation affecting oil tankers
1.3.1 Differentiate international and national legislation
1.3.2 Identify the
IMO
as the international forum for shipping matters
1.3.3 Identify the main
IMO
conventions affecting tankers
1.3.3.1 Define
SOLAS
1974 as the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea, 1974
1.3.3.2 Define
MARPOL
73/78 as the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973/1978
1.3.3.3 Define
STCW
1995 as the International Convention for Standards of Training, Certification and Watchkeeping, 1995
1.3.3.4 Explain how amendments affect the
IMO
conventions
1.3.4 Explain how the conventions are incorporated in national legislation
1.3.5 Link the Cargo Ship Safety Construction Certificate to
SOLAS
1974
1.3.6 Link the Cargo Ship Safety Equipment Certificate to
SOLAS
1974
1.3.7 Link the International Oil Pollution Prevention Certificate to
MARPOL
73/78
1.3.8 Explain the use of the oil tanker supplements to the certificates
1.3.9 State the
ISM
Code is the International Safety Management Code
1.3.10 State a Safety Management System must be in place as required by the
ISM
Code
1.3.11 Identify the agencies responsible for the issue of certificates
1.3.11.1 Flag State
1.3.11.2 Delegated agencies
1.3.12 Identify levels of responsibility for the ship and shore
1.3.12.1 State the master is responsible for operational requirements
1.3.12.2 State local regulations may govern oil tanker operations
1.3.13 Differentiate Port State Control and Flag State Control
1.3.14 Explain how Port State Control verifies compliance with the international conventions
1.3.15 Identify regulations under the
CSA
affecting oil tankers
2. Basic applied science
2.1 Revise basic physics concepts
2.1.1 Describe the three states of matter
2.1.2 Define:
2.1.2.1 Melting
2.1.2.2 Sublimation
2.1.2.3 Evaporation
2.1.2.4 Melting point
2.1.2.5 Boiling point
2.1.3 Describe the following terms as they apply to liquids:
2.1.3.1 Surface tension
2.1.3.2 Adhesion
2.1.3.3 Cohesion
2.1.3.4 Hydrostatic pressure
2.1.3.5 Miscibility
2.1.3.6 Solubility
2.1.3.7 Diffusion
2.1.4 Define viscosity and explain viscosity/temperature relationship
2.1.5 Define saturated vapour pressure of liquids (
SVP
)
2.1.6 Define True Vapour Pressure (
TVP
)
2.1.7 Define Reid Vapour Pressure (
RVP
)
2.1.8 Describe diffusion, pressure and miscibility as applied to gases/vapour
2.1.9 Describe the structure of atoms and molecules
2.1.9.1 Differentiate negative and positive charged electrons
2.1.9.2 Explain attraction and repulsion of charged bodies
2.1.9.3 Give examples of positive and negative charged bodies
2.1.10 Describe induction of an electrode and charge
2.1.10.1 Describe how a charged electrode may be discharged
2.1.10.2 State a discharge releases energy which may cause a spark
2.2 Outline physical and chemical properties of petroleum
2.2.1 Discuss general characteristics of crude petroleum
2.2.1.1 Stabilized crude
2.2.1.2 Sour crude
2.2.1.3 Spiked crude
2.2.1.4 Light crude
2.2.1.5 Medium crude
2.2.1.6 Heavy crude
2.2.1.7 Pour point
2.2.1.8 Wax content
2.2.1.9 Cloud point
2.2.2 Explain why the composition of crude varies from source
2.2.3 State that crude oil is a mixture of hydrocarbons:
2.2.3.1 Partly gaseous at normal atmospheric conditions
2.2.3.2 Liquid at normal atmospheric conditions
2.2.3.3 Solid at normal atmospheric conditions
2.2.4 Define the following terms:
2.2.4.1 Density
2.2.4.2 Specific gravity
2.2.4.3 API
2.2.5 State conversion tables are used for Density, Specific Gravity and API
2.2.6 Give a brief overview of the refining process
2.2.6.1 Give examples of boiling points of the constituent compounds
2.2.6.2 Explain Distillation
2.2.6.3 Explain Cracking
2.2.6.4 List examples of refined products
2.2.7 Define volatility of petroleum
2.2.7.1 Link volatility to vapour pressure
2.2.7.2 Correlate
TVP
and
RVP
2.3 Explain the principle of the controlled tank atmosphere
2.3.1 Review the components of the fire triangle
2.3.2 Explain the related chemical reaction
2.3.3 Explain how variables in a tank, after discharge, can affect the tank atmosphere:
2.3.3.1 Volatility of the cargo in the tank
2.3.3.2 Ambient temperature
2.3.3.3 Amount of residual oil
2.3.3.4 Distribution of hydrocarbon gases
2.3.3.5 Inert gas
2.3.4 State why it is important to measure the tank concentrations
2.3.5 Describe the process of gas evolution in a tank
2.3.6 Define flashpoint
2.3.7 Describe how flashpoint is determined
2.3.8 Identify the regulatory limits of oxygen content in inert gas
2.3.9 Describe flammable range, lower flammable limit (
LFL
) and upper flammable limit (
UFL
)
2.3.10 Identify a flammability composition diagram
2.3.11 Name the critical components of the flammability diagram
2.3.12 Describe, with the aid of a flammability diagram, the effects of:
2.3.12.1 gas freeing
2.3.12.2 purging
2.3.12.3 dilution with air
2.3.12.4 critical dilution with air
2.3.12.5 dilution with inert gas
2.3.13 Differentiate inert and non-inert tank atmosphere
2.3.14 Describe pyrophoric iron sulphide formation
2.3.15 Ascertain the risk of pyrophoric iron sulphide ignition
2.3.16 Describe control measures to avoid pyrophoric iron sulphide ignition
2.4 Explain the principles of electrostatics
2.4.1 Explain what charge separation is and when it occurs
2.4.2 Explain the creation of an electric field using basic principles
2.4.3 Describe charge separation within a conductor in an electrostatic field
2.4.4 Describe the process of charge relaxation
2.4.5 Explain charge retention by insulation
2.4.6 Explain electrical breakdown, discharge and strength of electrostatic fields
2.4.7 Identify a field strength of 3000 kV per metre is sufficient to cause breakdown of air or petroleum gases
2.4.8 Discuss field strength near protrusions and overall field strength
2.4.9 Discuss discharge near protrusions and the space around it or between protrusions and nearby objects
2.4.10 State single-electrode discharges are unlikely to lead to explosions on tankers
2.4.11 Give examples of two-electrode discharges and describe when these may occur
2.4.12 Describe instantaneous release of energy with respect to:
2.4.12.1 Conductors
2.4.12.2 Liquid non-conductors
2.4.12.3 Solid non-conductors
2.4.12.4 Intermediate liquid and solid conductors
2.4.13 Explain when liquids are considered non-conductors
2.4.14 Define a static accumulator oil
2.4.15 List some static accumulator oils
2.4.16 Explain the function and use of anti-static additives
2.4.17 Explain why distillates must be treated as static accumulator oils unless they contain anti-static additives
2.4.18 List the process giving rise to charges with distillates
2.4.19 Summarize the reasons why low load rates are important for some oils
2.4.20 Explain the hazards associated with equipment permanently mounted in the upper part of a tank, and the measures to minimize the hazard
2.4.21 Explain the hazards associated with introducing portable devices and equipment into a tank, and the measures to minimize the hazard
2.4.22 Explain the types of tank operations that can cause a charged mist to develop
2.4.23 Explain the risk of introducing the following into a charged atmosphere:
2.4.23.1 Steam
2.4.23.2 Inert gas
2.4.23.3 Carbon dioxide
2.4.24 Identify the risk of free-fall liquids in a cargo tank
2.4.25 Explain the concept of the ship-to-shore bonding wire and insulating flange
3. Oil Tanker cargo handling systems
3.1 Describe pipeline, pumping and discharge arrangements
3.1.1 Describe general pipeline systems including:
3.1.1.1 Hoses and hard-arms
3.1.1.2 Cargo manifold
3.1.1.3 The ship-shore hard-arm operating envelope
3.1.1.4 The difference between a pipeline and free-flow system
3.1.1.5 The types of pipeline system found on a product tanker and a crude oil tanker
3.1.1.6 The types of valve typically found on a pipeline arrangement
3.1.1.7 A typical VLCC ballast pipeline arrangement
3.1.1.8 A stripping system and its uses
3.1.1.9 The
MARPOL
line
3.1.2 Describe a general pump-room pipeline configuration
3.1.3 List the main types of cargo pump
3.1.3.1 The centrifugal pump
3.1.3.2 The deepwell pump
3.1.3.3 The reciprocating pump
3.1.3.4 The simplex and duplex pump
3.1.4 Give an overview of basic pumping concepts
3.1.5 Explain the pressure surge, including risks and dangers
3.1.5.1 Downstream
3.1.5.2 Upstream
3.1.5.3 At the pump
3.1.6 Describe the centrifugal pump characteristics, its advantages and disadvantages
3.1.7 Explain the function of the deepwell pump including its stripping capability
3.1.8 Describe the reciprocating stripping pump
3.1.9 Differentiate simplex and duplex pumps
3.1.10 Describe the following valves and their uses:
3.1.10.1 Gate or sluice valve
3.1.10.2 Butterfly valve
3.1.10.3 Non-return valve
3.1.10.4 Angle stop valve
3.1.10.5 Pressure-relief valve for positive displacement pumps
3.1.11 Describe, with the use of a diagram, an eductor
3.1.12 Explain how an eductor is used in the cargo and stripping system
3.1.13 Identify the vacuum-strip system and explain its use
3.1.14 Locate emergency cargo pump stops
3.1.15 Explain the use of the emergency remote cargo pump shutdown
3.2 Identify cargo and ballast measuring devices
3.2.1 Explain the use of the ullage measuring tape
3.2.2 Differentiate innage and ullage
3.2.3 Identify closed system electronic ullage gauges (ie MMC or Hermetic type)
3.2.4 List level gauges found on oil tankers:
3.2.4.1 Mechanically operated float gauge
3.2.4.2 Electrically powered servo-operated gauge
3.2.4.3 Electrical capacitance gauge
3.2.4.4 Bubbler gauge
3.2.4.5 Pneumatic or hydraulic level gauge using a closed cell
3.2.4.6 Other differential-pressure-type gauges
3.2.4.7 Ultrasonic and sonic gauge
3.2.4.8 Surface-sensing-type gauge
3.2.5 Describe, using diagrams, the operating principle of a typical tank radar liquid level gauge
3.2.6 Explain the importance of reliable and accurate measuring devices
3.2.7 Describe control measures to avoid tank overflow:
3.2.7.1 By use of high-level alarms or overflow-control systems
3.2.7.2 By use of gauging devices and tank-filling control procedures
3.2.8 Explain the danger of exceeding the design head of the cargo tank
3.3 Compare venting arrangements
3.3.1 List reasons for venting from cargo and ballast spaces
3.3.2 Discuss the evolution of gases from cargo tanks
3.3.3 Explain the importance of gas dispersion
3.3.4 Describe still air conditions and safety risks
3.3.5 Illustrate typical gas dispersion patterns
3.3.6 Discuss factors affecting gas dispersion
3.3.7 Identify the regulatory requirements for ventilation systems
3.3.8 Describe independent and combined tank venting arrangements
3.3.9 Describe tank isolation arrangements for combined systems
3.3.10 Describe the pressure-vacuum valve (
P/V
)
3.3.11 Show, with the aid of a diagram, typical
P/V
locations
3.3.12 Explain the reasons for flame screens in venting systems
3.3.13 Describe the use of a high velocity valve
3.3.14 Explain the use of the purge pipe
3.4 Describe cargo heating systems
3.4.1 List oils which may require heating
3.4.2 List examples of oils which should never be heated
3.4.3 Describe cold weather conditions affecting oil heating requirements
3.4.4 Describe how tank location can affect heating requirements
3.4.4.1 Wing tanks
3.4.4.2 Centre tanks
3.4.4.3 Double hull arrangements
3.4.5 Describe a typical steam heating coil arrangement
3.4.6 Explain how to detect steam heating coil contamination
3.4.7 Compare steam heating to thermal oil heating
3.4.8 State the disadvantages of steam heating coils
3.4.9 Explain the importance of proper cargo temperature control
3.4.10 Explain how pour point, viscosity and cloud point are affected by cargo temperature
3.4.11 Describe, briefly, the heating and carriage requirements of bitumen in special ships
3.4.12 Explain the importance of not exceeding tank coating design temperature
3.5 Locate bunker systems and bunker transfer equipment
3.5.1 Show, with the aid of a diagram, a typical bunker pipeline arrangement
3.5.2 Show, with the aid of a plan, a typical bunker tank arrangement
3.5.3 Identify bunker transfer pump emergency stops
3.5.4 Identify hazards of light hydrocarbons in the tank headspace
3.5.5 Explain the use of the explosimeter when measuring flammability of the headspace
3.5.6 Describe precautionary measures when handling, storing or carrying residual fuel oils
4. Oil Tanker operations
4.1 Plan for port arrival
4.1.1 List information provided to the tanker before arrival
4.1.2 List information provided to the shore before arrival
4.1.3 Complete pre-arrival checklists
4.1.4 Prepare a load, discharge,
COW
, ballast and de-ballast plan
4.1.5 Inspect and test relevant cargo operations systems
4.1.6 Prepare fire equipment for cargo operations
4.1.7 Identify personnel for cargo operations
4.2 Describe ballasting and de-ballasting operations
4.2.1 Describe factors affecting ballast quantity and the tanks to be used
4.2.2 Discuss stress forces during ballast operations
4.2.3 Discuss draft, minimum draft, and trim requirements
4.2.4 Discuss intact stability problems for double hull tankers when ballasting (and working cargo)
4.2.5 Describe typical ballast and de-ballast sequence
4.2.5.1 For single hull tanker
4.2.5.2 For double-hull tanker
4.2.5.3 Heavy weather ballast tank
4.2.5.4 CBT
4.2.5.5 SBT
4.2.5.6 Change of ballast at sea
4.2.6 Outline the requirements for international ballast water exchange
4.2.7 Describe ballast stripping arrangements
4.2.8 Outline procedures and restrictions for contaminated ballast
4.2.9 Discuss use of the slop tank
4.2.10 Explain limitations for ballast discharge at sea and in port
4.3 Prepare for loading and discharge operations
4.3.1 Complete ship/shore safety checklist
4.3.2 Discuss, using the ship/shore checklist, general safety aspects
4.3.3 Calculate cargo capacity
4.3.4 Line-up cargo system
4.3.5 Describe the precautions, use and connection of cargo hoses
4.3.5.1 Using terminal hoses
4.3.5.2 Using ship hoses
4.3.6 Describe the precautions, use and connection of hard-arms
4.3.7 Discuss ship and shore cargo sequence
4.3.8 Discuss emergency shut-down procedures
4.4 Identify inert gas requirements
4.4.1 Identify oil tankers which must be provided with an
IG
system
4.4.2 List the exceptions to this requirement
4.4.3 Identify the requirements for an
IG
system for oil tankers with a
COW
system
4.4.4 Define inert gas
4.4.5 Describe, with the aid of a flammability composition diagram, the effect of inert gas
4.4.6 List the basic requirements of an
IG
system
4.4.6.1 To inert empty tanks
4.4.6.2 To provide a controlled atmosphere during cargo operations
4.4.6.3 To purge tanks prior to gas-freeing
4.4.6.4 To top-up pressure when required
4.5 Describe cargo loading and cargo discharging operations
4.5.1 Discuss loading methods and safe practices
4.5.1.1 Gravity from shore to ship
4.5.1.2 Initial and full pumping rates to ship
4.5.1.3 Frame samples
4.5.1.4 Monitoring tanks during loading
4.5.1.5 Topping off
4.5.1.6 Relaxation periods prior to ullaging and sampling
4.5.2 Discuss discharge methods and safe practices
4.5.2.1 Sequence of valve opening ship to shore
4.5.2.2 Starting and monitoring of cargo pumps
4.5.2.3 Shore check valves
4.5.2.4 Initial and full pumping rates to shore
4.5.2.5 Monitoring tanks during discharge
4.5.2.6 Precautions and risks blowing lines
4.5.3 Identify ICS Ship to Ship Transfer Guide (Petroleum)
4.5.3 State special procedures for ship-to-ship transfers
4.6 Identify crude oil washing requirements
4.6.1 Define crude oil washing (
COW
)
4.6.2 State
COW
is mandatory for many crude oil tankers
4.6.3 Identify international rules requiring
COW
of cargo tanks (subject to certain operational provisions)
4.6.4 Differentiate water washing and crude oil washing
4.6.5 Extract minimum
COW
requirements from
MARPOL
4.7 Explain tank washing procedures
4.7.1 List the reasons for tank washing
4.7.2 Describe tank washing line, pump and stripping arrangements
4.7.3 Identify the risks involved with tank washing
4.7.4 List the precautions to be taken during tank washing
4.7.5 State tank washing should be undertaken in an inert atmosphere
4.7.6 Identify precautions to take when washing a non-inert tank
4.7.7 Describe tank washing processes
4.7.7.1 With cold water
4.7.7.2 With hot water
4.7.7.3 Using chemicals
4.7.7.4 Using portable machines
4.7.7.5 Using fixed in place machines
4.7.7.6 Use of programmable and non-programmable machines
4.7.8 Describe closed-cycle and open-cycle modes
4.7.9 Plan a typical tank washing sequence
4.7.10 State disposal of tank residues must comply with regulations
4.7.11 Explain the use of the slop tank/s
4.7.12 Identify the risks of over filling slop tanks
4.8 Discuss purging and gas-freeing
4.8.1 Define gas-freeing
4.8.2 Define purging
4.8.3 List the reasons for gas freeing
4.8.4 Describe the safety precautions to take during gas-freeing
4.8.5 Explain, with the use of a flammability composition diagram, a purging and gas-freeing sequence to avoid the flammable range
4.8.6 Give details of gas-freeing arrangements
4.8.6.1 Portable fans
4.8.6.2 Fixed gas freeing equipment
4.8.6.3 Use of the
IG
air intake
4.8.7 Describe methods of gas-freeing
4.8.8 Define a gas-free tank
4.8.9 List the equipment used for testing for a gas-free tank
4.8.10 Identify how a tank can again become gas dangerous
4.8.11 Discuss the securing arrangements of tank
IG
lines
4.9 Describe general procedures for combination carriers
4.9.1 Prepare holds from dry bulk cargo to oil cargo
4.9.2 Identify additional precautions necessary before loading oil cargo
4.9.3 Identify risks specific to combination carriers when carrying oil cargoes
4.9.4 Identify risks specific to combination carriers during load and discharge of oil cargoes
4.9.5 Prepare holds from oil cargo for dry bulk cargo
4.9.6 Identify the requirements for slops when trading as a dry bulk carrier
4.9.7 Explain the use of cargo change-over check lists
5. Health and Safety
5.1 Describe health hazards associated with petroleum cargoes
5.1.1 List the typical toxic constituents of petroleum gas
5.1.2 List the main toxic constituents of inert gas
5.1.3 Describe, in general terms, the main exposure hazards to ship personnel
5.1.3.1 Toxicity and the criteria by which it is measured
5.1.3.2 Poisoning – ingestion, inhalation, and absorption
5.1.3.3 Petroleum gas and complications on the person
5.1.3.4 Oxygen deficiency and its effects
5.1.3.5 The effects of various components of flue gases
5.1.4 Discuss risks and dangers of hydrogen sulphide
5.1.4.1 Introduce hydrogen sulphide as a dangerous gas
5.1.4.2 List cargoes where hydrogen sulphide may be present
5.1.4.3 Outline its physical properties
5.1.4.4 Describe the physical effects for the human body
5.1.4.5 Describe precautions to take handling hydrogen sulphide rich cargoes
5.1.5 Describe the Material Safety Data Sheet
5.1.5.1 Explain the use of the MSDS
5.1.5.2 Explain each section of the MSDS
5.1.5.3 State the periodicity of the MSDS
5.1.6 Differentiate MSDS and Cargo Hazard Sheets
5.1.7 Discuss general first aid procedures
5.2 Describe the function and use of gas indicators
5.2.1 Describe the operating principle of:
5.2.1.1 A catalytic-filament combustible-gas indicator
5.2.1.2 A non-catalytic heated-filament gas indicator
5.2.1.3 A refractive index meter
5.2.1.4 Chemical indicator tubes
5.2.1.5 An oxygen meter with paramagnetic sensors
5.2.1.6 An oxygen analyzer with electrolytic sensor
5.2.1.7 An oxygen analyzer with selective chemical absorption liquid
5.2.2 Carry-out instrument-check procedures and gas measurements
5.2.3 Determine the suitability of each gas indicator
5.2.4 Explain the role of the marine chemist
5.2.5 Identify and describe the Gas Free Certificate
5.2.6 Provide details of and the reasons for work permits
5.2.7 Explain the terms intrinsically safe, flameproof and increased safety equipment
5.3 Implement control measures for enclosed space safety
5.3.1 Define the enclosed space
5.3.2 Identify enclosed spaces
5.3.3 Identify potential hazards
5.3.4 Discuss role and duties of a ‘responsible person’
5.3.5 Review the requirements of the
SMS
5.3.5.1 Permit to Work Systems
5.3.5.2 Work Planning Meetings
5.3.6 Analyze check lists
5.3.7 Assess hazards prior to entry
5.3.8 Recommend procedures and practices for pumproom safety
5.3.8.1 List sources of leakage in the pumproom
5.3.8.2 Describe fire fighting arrangements in the pumproom
5.3.8.3 Review ventilation pumproom ventilation requirements
5.3.8.4 List safety equipment located in the pumproom
5.3.8.5 Identify pumproom entry checklists
5.3.9 Recommend procedures and safety practices for tank entry
5.3.9.1 List precautions to take for tank entry
5.3.9.2 Identify tank atmosphere test procedures
5.3.9.3 List equipment required
5.3.9.4 Identify key personnel
5.3.9.5 Analyze tank entry checklists
5.3.10 Explain methods to reduce or eliminate hazards
5.3.11 Re-assess hazards
5.3.12 Simulate emergency tank entry and evacuation procedures
5.3.12.1 Use tank evacuation equipment
5.3.12.2 Resuscitation equipment
5.3.12.3 Self-contained breathing apparatus
5.4 Review fire-fighting principles
5.4.1 Explain the principles of fire prevention
5.4.2 List sources of emission of flammable cargo vapours
5.4.3 Identify possible ignition sources on oil tankers
5.4.4 List and discuss the methods and measures to control fire
5.4.4.1 Water
5.4.4.2 Foam
5.4.4.3 Inert gas
5.4.4.4 Dry chemical
5.4.4.5 Carbon dioxide
5.4.5 Review regulations for the protection of cargo tanks, cargo tank deck area and pumprooms
6. Emergency procedures
6.1 Discuss the use and requirements of an emergency plan
6.1.1 Introduce the oil pollution emergency plan
6.1.2 Describe other oil tanker emergency plans
6.1.3 List information that should be available
6.1.4 Review the components of an emergency organization
6.1.5 Simulate the action required for different emergencies
6.2 Describe ship and shore emergency alarms
6.2.1 Describe different ship alarms used in cases of emergency, including:
6.2.1.1 General alarm
6.2.1.2 Fire alarm
6.2.1.3 CO2 alarm
6.2.2 Describe other important alarms, including
6.2.2.1 Inert gas alarm
6.2.2.2 High-level alarm
6.2.2.3 Engine-room alarms
6.2.2.4 Bridge alarms
6.2.2.5 Accommodation alarms
6.2.2.6 Galley alarms
6.2.3 Describe shore and terminal alarms used in cases of emergency
6.3 Give an overview of general safety precautions
6.3.1 Describe, briefly, the use and general content of ISGOTT
6.3.2 Identify other tanker related safety publications for additional information and guidance
6.3.3 Use ISGOTT as a means to discuss
6.3.3.1 General precautions on tankers
6.3.3.2 General precautions while a tanker is at a petroleum berth
6.3.3.3 Precautions before and during cargo operations
6.3.4 Use case studies to analyze previous emergency incidents
7. Safety in terminal operations
7.1 Provide details of oil terminal information exchange
7.1.1 List information provided from ship to terminal
7.1.1.1 Ship’s draft and trim on arrival
7.1.1.2 Maximum draft and trim on completion of cargo/ballast
7.1.1.3 Condition of cargo tanks (inerted, previous cargo, cleaned,
COW
ed etc)
7.1.1.4 Anticipated time for all cargo/ballast operations
7.1.1.5 Repairs that may delay cargo operations
7.1.2 List information provided from terminal to ship
7.1.2.1 Depth of water at berth at low tide
7.1.2.2 Which side alongside, special features of the berth
7.1.2.3 Size of hoses/ hard arms to be connected (reducers available) and operating limits
7.1.2.4 Mooring requirements
7.1.2.5 Maximum angle and speed of approach
7.1.2.6 Relevant cargo handling information and procedures
7.1.2.7 Ship or shore gangway
7.1.2.8 Communications
7.1.2.9 Alarms and emergency procedures
7.1.2.10 Restrictions on conducting repairs alongside
7.1.3 List check-lists to be completed by ship and shore
7.2 Describe oil tanker and terminal mooring arrangements
7.2.1 Describe general mooring principles
7.2.2 Describe the forces applied to the vessel
7.2.2.1 Wind
7.2.2.2 Waves/ swell/ seiche (tide like fluctuation in lakes)
7.2.2.3 Currents
7.2.2.4 Tides
7.2.2.5 Ice
7.2.2.6 Surges from passing vessels
7.2.3 Determine how applied forces are transferred to moorings
7.2.4 Discuss load distribution
7.2.5 Discuss the optimal configuration for mooring layout
7.2.6 Discuss the risk of mixed moorings
7.2.7 Describe the spilt-drum winch and correct use of wires
7.2.8 Describe S.B.M and S.P.M. mooring arrangements
7.3 Describe oil terminal emergency procedures
7.3.1 Identify fire fighting equipment available on the jetty
7.3.2 Identify water-borne fire-fighting equipment available
7.3.3 Identify typical terminal shore alarms
7.3.4 Identify emergency communications between ship and shore
7.3.5 Specify when emergency cargo operations shut-down is necessary
7.3.6 Identify escape routes from ship to shore and from jetty areas
7.3.7 Describe the general content and components of a terminal emergency plan
8. Pollution prevention
8.1 Discuss pollution of the marine environment from oil tankers
8.1.1 Use statistics to show major worldwide pollution incidents
8.1.2 Provide examples of how pollution can occur from oil tankers
8.1.2.1 In port
8.1.2.2 At sea
8.1.3 Provide examples of damage to the marine environment due to oil pollution
8.1.4 State the penalties for pollution of Canadian waters
8.1.5 Provide examples of fines for pollution of Canadian waters
8.2 Summarize regulatory requirements for pollution prevention
8.2.1 List international conventions and regulations affecting tankers
8.2.2 Identify ships to which
MARPOL
73/78 annex I (as amended) applies
8.2.3 Identify the relevant annexes of
MARPOL
73/78 affecting oil tankers
8.2.4 Identify the main provisions of
MARPOL
annex I with regard to:
8.2.4.1 Requirements for machinery spaces
8.2.4.1.1 Tanks for oil residues
8.2.4.1.2 Standard discharge connection
8.2.4.1.3 Oil filtering equipment
8.2.4.1.4 Control of discharge of oil
8.2.4.2 Segregated ballast capacity
8.2.4.3 Double hull and double bottoms
8.2.4.4 Heavy grade oil as cargo
8.2.4.5 Pump-room bottom protection
8.2.4.6 Survival capability in case of damage
8.2.4.7 Limitation of tank size
8.2.4.8 Slop tank capacity
8.2.4.9 Overboard piping arrangements
8.2.5 Describe emergency towing arrangements
8.2.6 Identify pollution prevention regulations under the
CSA
8.2.7 Comply with pollution prevention regulations under the
CSA
8.2.8 Describe an IOPP certificate and a COPP certificate and their supplements
8.3 Describe operational pollution control requirements of oil tankers
8.3.1 Comply with discharge provisions using the oil discharge control and monitoring system (ODMACS)
8.3.2 Describe different principles involved in measuring oil content
8.3.2.1 Ultraviolet fluorescence
8.3.2.2 Turbidity measurement
8.3.2.3 Light absorption
8.3.2.4 Gas measurement
8.3.2.5 Infra-red absorption
8.3.3 Describe action in the event of malfunction of the ODMAC’s
8.3.4 Discuss retention of records
8.3.5 Explain, with the aid of a drawing, the operating principle of a portable oil/water interface detector
8.3.6 Determine the oil/water interface in a slop tank
8.3.7 Describe the LOT procedure for crude oil tankers
8.3.8 Discuss the reason for and requirements of reception facilities
8.3.9 Format entries for both Oil Record Books
8.4 Respond to marine oil spills
8.4.1 Identify mandatory provisions under
MARPOL
73/78, as amended, for the shipboard oil pollution emergency plan
8.4.2 Identify SOPEP requirements under the International Convention on Oil Pollution Preparedness, Response and Co-operation, 1990
8.4.3 Identify Guidelines for the development of Marine Pollution Emergency Plans, as amended
8.4.4 Differentiate
SOPEP
and SMPEP
8.4.5 Describe
SOPEP
requirements
8.4.6 Show an example of a
SOPEP
8.4.7 Analyze the fate of oil spills
8.4.7.1 Weathering
8.4.7.2 Spreading
8.4.7.3 Evaporation
8.4.7.4 Dispersion
8.4.7.5 Emulsification
8.4.7.6 Dissolution
8.4.7.7 Oxidation
8.4.7.8 Sedimentation
8.4.7.9 Biodegradation
8.4.7.10 Combined processes – early and long-term
8.4.7.11 Forecasting slick movement
8.4.8 Evaluate the effects of timely and delayed response
8.4.9 List pollution prevention equipment required on board
8.4.10 Describe methods of containment using ship pollution equipment
8.4.11 Describe pollution prevention equipment limitations
8.4.12 Discuss the use of chemical dispersants
8.4.13 Discuss the importance of timely response to marine oil spills
8.4.14 Identify parties responsible for:
8.4.14.1 Clean up
8.4.14.2 Resources available
8.4.14.3 Assistance available
8.4.14.4 Supply of pollution prevention equipment
8.4.14.5 Disposal
8.4.14.6 Costs for a marine oil spill
8.4.15 List types of pollution equipment available from a shore based pollution response centre
8.5 Supervise transfer operations
8.5.1 Identify sections from the Regulations for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships and for Dangerous Chemicals dealing with oil transfer operations
8.5.2 Discuss each section relating to transfer operations
8.5.3 Identify test procedures and certification for transfer hoses
8.5.4 Identify markings on transfer hoses suitable for oil service
8.5.5 Describe the handling and preparation of cargo hoses for oil transfer
8.5.6 Describe additional transfer operations requirements
8.5.6.1 Ship and terminal transfers
8.5.6.2 Ship to ship transfers in port and at sea
8.5.6.3 Ship to ship transfers in accordance with Arctic Waters Oil Transfer Guidelines (
TP
10783)
8.5.6.4 Ship to shore transfers in accordance with Arctic Waters Oil Transfer Guidelines (
TP
10783)
8.5.6.5 Ship to barge transfers
8.5.6.6 Identify risks in ship to ship transfers using vapour balancing
8.5.6.7 Vapour returns at terminal facilities
9. Inert Gas System
9.1 Describe the Inert Gas System (
IG
)
9.1.1 Specify the reasons for inerting
9.1.2 Specify training requirements and methods
9.1.3 Describe regulatory requirements for
IG
for tankers
9.1.3.1 Identify International conventions and regulations
9.1.3.2 List exceptions to the requirements
9.1.4 Define
IG
9.1.5 Describe the effects of
IG
using the flammability composition diagram
9.1.6 State what the
IG
system is required to do
9.1.6.1 Inert empty tanks
9.1.6.2 Be operative during cargo and ballast handling
9.1.6.3 Purge tanks prior to gas-freeing
9.1.6.4 Top up pressure in cargo tanks
9.1.7 Define general
IG
terms
9.1.7.1
IG
plant
9.1.7.2
IG
distribution system
9.1.7.3
IG
system
9.1.7.4 Inerting
9.1.7.5 Gas freeing
9.1.7.6 Purging
9.1.7.7 Topping Up
9.1.8 Identify sources of inert gas
9.1.8.1 Flue gas system
9.1.8.2 Inert gas generator
9.1.8.3 Other methods
9.1.9 List the general characteristics of flue gas
9.2 Describe components and design considerations
9.2.1 Identify the main components of an
IG
system
9.2.1.1 Flue Gas Isolating Valve
9.2.1.2 Scrubber and Demister
9.2.1.3 Blower Inlet Valves
9.2.1.4 Inert Gas Blowers
9.2.1.5 Recirc. and Gas Regulating Valves (Main Control Valve)
9.2.1.6 Inert Gas Vent Valve
9.2.1.7 Fixed Oxygen Analyzer
9.2.1.8 Deck Water Seal
9.2.1.9 Mechanical Non-return Valve
9.2.1.10 Liquid
P/V
Valve
9.2.1.11 Mechanical
P/V
Valve
9.2.1.12 Instrumentation and alarms
9.2.2 Describe the location and function of each part of the system
9.2.3 Discuss design considerations for each component
9.2.4 Show the relationship and interaction between the components
9.2.5 Identify the requirements for portable and fixed gas measuring instruments
9.3 Describe the principles of operation of the
IG
system
9.3.1 Start up the system
9.3.2 Monitor the system during normal operations
9.3.3 Shut down the
IG
system
9.3.4 Perform safety checks when shut down
9.3.5 Identify system failures and action to be taken
9.4 Apply principles of operation to cargo tank operations
9.4.1 Discuss the requirements and use of the instruction manual
9.4.2 Describe dilution and displacement methods of inerting
9.4.3 Describe the use of the inert gas system
9.4.3.1 Inerting from a gas-free condition
9.4.3.2 Re-inerting after breakdown or repair of the
IG
system
9.4.3.3 Venting during loading operations
9.4.3.4 Maintaining an inert condition on load passage
9.4.3.5 Topping up
9.4.3.6 Pressurizing before cargo discharge operations
9.4.3.7 Inerting during cargo discharge
9.4.3.8 Inerting during
COW
9.4.3.9 Ballasting cargo tanks, if applicable
9.4.3.10 Inerting empty tanks on ballast passage
9.4.3.11 Inerting during tank washing
9.4.3.12 Purging prior to gas-freeing
9.4.3.13 Gas-freeing using the fresh air intake
9.4.4 Describe precautions to take with the
IG
system during tank entry
9.4.5 Apply operational principles of inerting to product carriers
9.4.5.1 Discuss operational and design differences
9.4.5.2 Discuss contamination of cargoes by using
IG
9.4.6 Apply operational principles of inerting to combination carriers
9.4.6.1 Discuss operational and design differences
9.4.6.2 Explain problems of slack holds
9.4.6.3 Explain problems of leakage of tank gas
9.4.6.3.1 Through hatch centre-line joints
9.4.6.3.2 Into ballast and void spaces
9.4.7 Describe the precautions to take changing over from oil to cargoes other than oil
9.5 Activate emergency procedures
9.5.1 State action to be taken in the event of total failure of the
IG
system
9.5.1.1 Tankers carrying crude oil
9.5.1.2 Product tankers
9.5.1.3 During ship to ship transfers
9.5.1.4 During port operations
9.6 Prescribe maintenance, inspection and testing
9.6.1 Describe information available in the operating and maintenance manual
9.6.2 Identify the main system components for inspection
9.6.2.1 For internal inspection during system shut-down
9.6.2.2 For operational inspection with system running
9.6.3 Give specific inspection guidelines for internal inspection of main system components
9.6.4 Give specific guidelines for operational inspections
9.6.5 Test functioning of devices and alarms
9.6.5.1 Devices to measure oxygen content
9.6.5.2
IG
S pressure and temperature
9.6.5.3 Automatic recording of information
9.6.5.4 All alarm and safety functions
9.6.5.5 Simulation methods for alarm testing
9.6.6 Suggest preventative maintenance program
9.6.6.1 Using checklists as a guide
9.6.6.2 Using manufacturers and operations manuals
10. Crude Oil Washing
10.1 Describe Crude Oil Washing (
COW
)
10.1.1 Define crude oil washing (
COW
)
10.1.2 Differentiate
COW
and conventional tank cleaning
10.1.3 Specify training requirements and methods
10.1.4 Specify qualification of personnel for
COW
operations
10.1.5 Provide a brief history of the development of
COW
10.1.6 Specify the types of oil tanker fitted with
COW
capability
10.2 Describe regulatory requirements for
COW
10.2.1 Identify International conventions and regulations
10.2.2 State the requirements of
MARPOL
73/78 and amendments
10.2.3 Explain the purpose of the Revised Specifications for the design, operation and control of crude oil washing systems, as amended
10.2.4 Give an overview of the content of a
COW
Operations and Equipment Manual
10.2.5 Identify the IOPP and where it indicates
COW
is mandatory
10.2.6 State during
COW
operations the
IG
system must be operational
10.2.7 Discuss Port State Control actions to ensure effective
COW
10.3 Explain the principles of crude oil washing
10.3.1 Define commonly used terms and their relationships
10.3.2 List advantages and disadvantages of
COW
10.3.3 Discuss the characteristics of crude oil as a washing fluid
10.3.4 Determine the suitability of a crude oil for Crude Oil Washing
10.3.5 Define top washing, bottom washing
10.3.6 Define multi-stage and single stage washing
10.4 Provide details of
COW
equipment and design factors
10.4.1 Identify, from a diagram, the location of
COW
machines on a tanker
10.4.2 Describe fixed deck-mounted and fixed submerged machines
10.4.3 Describe single and multi-nozzle machines
10.4.3.1 Discuss the advantages and disadvantages
10.4.4 Explain the reason for shadow diagrams
10.4.4.1 State requirements for horizontal and vertical wash areas
10.4.5 Describe portable and fixed drive units and their limitations
10.4.6 Describe, using diagrams, a
COW
pipeline system
10.4.7 Describe the stripping system
10.4.8 Discuss the use of level gauges, hand dipping and stripping system performance gauges
10.4.9 Describe the supply of wash oil using cargo pumps or
COW
pump
10.5 Apply
COW
principles
10.5.1 Describe the supply and distribution of wash oil
10.5.1.1 Discuss the requirements of ‘clean’ crude for Crude Oil Washing
10.5.1.2 Discuss backfilling a slop or cargo tank for ‘clean’ oil
10.5.1.3 Discuss problems associated with ‘recycled’ wash oil
10.5.2 Control wash fluid pressure
10.5.2.1 Identify manufacturers minimum pressure
10.5.3 Describe methods of
COW
10.5.3.1 Bleed off from cargo discharge
10.5.3.2 Open cycle
10.5.3.3 Closed cycle
10.5.3.4 Limitation of number of machines to use simultaneously
10.5.3.5 Shut off discharge for Crude Oil Washing
10.5.3.6 Describe the use of the eductor
10.5.4 Describe Crude Oil Washing with multi-grade cargoes
10.5.4.1 Define multi-grade cargoes
10.5.4.2 Explain washing techniques with the same grade
10.5.5 Strip tanks
10.5.5.1 Describe stripping processes
10.5.5.1.1 During bulk discharge
10.5.5.1.2 On completion of discharge
10.5.6 Drain cargo and
COW
lines
10.5.6.1 Connection to a stripping device
10.5.6.2 The
MARPOL
line
10.5.6.3 Deepwell cargo pump stripping
10.5.7 Explain the risk of wet oil in
COW
operations
10.5.7.1 Define wet crude oil
10.5.7.2 Discuss electrostatic generation during Crude Oil Washing
10.5.7.3 Explain the process of de-bottoming cargo tanks
10.5.7.4 Explain the back filling of the slop tank
10.5.8 Explain how to control vapour emissions
10.5.9 Describe the limitations of Crude Oil Washing at sea
10.6 Determine cold weather techniques
10.6.1 Review the physical characteristics of crude oil:
10.6.1.1 API (density)
10.6.1.2 Pour Point
10.6.1.3 Cloud Point
10.6.1.4 Viscosity
10.6.1.5 Temperature
10.6.2 Determine heat requirements
10.6.3 Identify
COW
problems associated with adjacent cold ballast tanks
10.6.4 Explain pour point and
IMO
recommendations
10.6.5 Explain cloud point and temperature recommendations
10.6.6 Explain the relationship of high wax cargoes and cloud point
10.6.7 Explain how viscosity can cause problems relating to pumping pressures, slow discharge rates and inability to
COW
10.7 Complete checklists and prepare
COW
plans
10.7.1 Identify checklists for use before, during and after crude oil washing
10.7.2 Identify the information to be included in a
COW
plan
10.7.3 Construct a
COW
plan from information provided for a proposed
COW
operation
11. Cargo and Emergency Management
11.1 Summarize the International Safety Management System
11.1.1 State the mandatory
ISM
Code requirements for Safety Management
11.1.2 State the objectives of the
ISM
Code
11.1.3 Describe the Document of Compliance (
DOC
) and the Safety Management Certificate (
SMC
)
11.1.4 State the requirements of a Safety Management Manual (
SMM
)
11.1.5 List the type of emergencies that require written procedures
11.1.6 Discuss the use of Contingency Plans
11.2 Develop criteria for different types of emergency
11.2.1 Identify the
IMO
publication ‘Guidelines for the Development of Shipboard Emergency Response Plans’
11.2.2 Differentiate operational and non-operational emergencies
11.2.3 Discuss the content and use of emergency plans
11.2.4 Implement and evaluate the effectiveness of emergency plans
11.2.5 Develop criteria for monitoring alarms
11.2.6 Develop procedures for responding to alarms
11.2.7 Discuss training for emergencies