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7. Locomotive Emissions Monitoring Program 2008

Locomotive Emissions Monitoring Program 2008

Table of Contents

i Executive Summary
vii Glossary of Terms
viii Conversion Factors Related to Railway Emissions
xiv Abbreviations and Acronyms Used in the Report

1 Introduction

1.1 Audit of the LEM Reporting Process
1.2 Findings of the Audit
1.2.1 Nonconformities
1.3 Opportunities for Improvement
1.4 Audit Conclusion
1.5 Corrective Actions Undertaken

2 Traffic and Fuel Consumption Data

2.1 Freight Traffic Handled
2.1.1 Freight Carloads by Commodity Grouping
2.1.2 Class I Intermodal Service
2.2 Passenger Traffic Handled
2.2.1 VIA Rail Canada
2.2.2 Commuter Rail
2.2.3 Tourist and Excursion Services
2.3 Fuel Consumption
2.3.1 Freight Operations
2.3.2 Passenger Services

3 Locomotive Inventory

3.1 Locomotives Compliant with U.S. EPA Emissions Limits

4 Diesel Fuel Properties

5 Locomotive Emissions

5.1 Emissions Factors
5.2 Locomotive Duty Cycle
5.3 Emissions Generated
5.3.1 Greenhouse Gases (GHG)
5.3.2 Criteria Air Contaminants (CAC)

6 Fuel Consumption and Emissions in Tropospheric Ozone Management Areas

6.1 Data Derivation
6.2 Seasonal Data

7 Emissions Reduction Initiatives

7.1 RAC Awareness Generation Actions
7.2 Equipment-related Initiatives
7.2.1 Locomotive Fleet Renewal
7.2.2 Tier 2 Engine Retrofits
7.2.3 Fleet Upgrading and Maintenance
7.2.4 Low Idle
7.2.5 Engine Anti-Idling Systems
7.2.6 Low and Ultra-Low Sulphur Diesel Fuel
7.2.7 Freight Car Technology Improvements
7.2.8 Longer Trains
7.2.9 Remote Power
7.2.10 Intercity Passenger Train Equipment Initiatives
7.2.11 Passenger Train Layover Systems
7.2.12 Commuter Rail Equipment Modifications
7.2.13 Fuel Additives
7.2.14 Alternate Fuels
7.3 Operations-related Initiatives
7.3.1 Crew Training and Incentives
7.3.2 Manual Shut-down of Locomotive Engines
7.3.3 Consolidation of Cars with Similar Destination into Blocks
7.3.4 Train Pacing and Braking Strategies
7.3.5 Commuter Train Coach Door Management
7.4 Infrastructure-related Initiatives
7.4.1  Improved Track Structures
7.4.2  Rail Lubrication
7.4.3 Top of Rail Friction Control
7.4.4 Co-Production
7.5 Monitoring and Evaluation of Technological Developments
7.5.1 Government Programs
7.5.2 Monitoring Emissions Reduction Technologies under Development

8 Summary and Conclusions

List of Tables

Table 1 Total Freight Traffic
Table 2 Canadian Rail Operations Fuel Consumption
Table 3 Freight Operations Fuel Consumption
Table 4 Passenger Services Fuel Consumption
Table 5 NO_x Emissions Reduction Schedule for Line-Haul Locomotives
Table 6 Locomotives in Canadian Fleet Meeting U.S. EPA Emissions Limits
Table 7 Railway Operations CAC Emissions Factors
Table 8 Duty Cycle by Locomotive Service and Year of Update
Table 9 Locomotive GHG Emissions
Table 10 GHG Emissions Intensities by Category of Operation
Table 11 Locomotive CAC Emissions
Table 12 TOMA Percentages of Total Fuel Consumption and GHG Emissions
Table 13 TOMA Percentages of Total NO_x Emissions
Table 14 TOMA No.1 – Lower Fraser Valley, B.C. Traffic, Fuel and Emissions Data, 2008
Table 15 TOMA No.2 – Windsor-Quebec City Corridor Traffic, Fuel and Emissions Data, 2008
Table 16 TOMA No.3 – Saint John Area, New Brunswick Traffic, Fuel and Emissions Data, 2008

List of Figures

Figure 1 Total Freight Traffic (1990 – 2007)
Figure 2 Canadian Rail Originated Freight Carloads by Commodity Group
Figure 3 Class I Intermodal Tonnage
Figure 4 VIA Rail Canada Passenger Traffic
Figure 5 VIA Rail Canada Revenue Passenger-Kilometres
Figure 6 VIA Rail Canada Train Efficiency
Figure 7 Commuter Rail Passengers
Figure 8 Freight Operations Fuel Consumption
Figure 9 Freight Fuel Consumption per 1,000 RTK
Figure 10 Railway GHG Emissions
Figure 11 Total Freight GHG Emissions Intensity
Figure 12 Class I Freight GHG Emissions Intensity
Figure 13 Regional and Short Lines GHG Emissions Intensity
Figure 14 Intercity Passenger GHG Emissions Intensity
Figure 15 Commuter Rail GHG Emissions Intensity
Figure 16 Total Freight NO_x Emissions Intensity

Appendices

Appendix A - Memorandum of Understanding between Environment Canada, Transport Canada and the Railway Association of Canada
Appendix B-1 - Locomotive Fleet 2008 – Freight Train Line-haul and Road Switching Operations
Appendix B-2 - Locomotive Fleet 2008 – Yard Switching and Work Train Operations
Appendix B-3 - Locomotive and DMU Fleet 2008 – Passenger Train Operations
Appendix C - Railway Lines Included in Tropospheric Ozone Management Areas
Appendix D - Traffic and Fuel Consumption (U.S. Units)
Appendix E-1 - Locomotive GHG Emissions (U.S. Units)
Appendix E-2 - Locomotive CAC Emissions (U.S. Units)
Appendix F - RAC Member Railways in 2008, with Provinces of Operation
Appendix G - Railway Association of Canada Management Plan for Responding to Audit of the 2007 Locomotive Emissions Monitoring Program Report

Annex 1
Annex 2
Annex 3
Annex 4
Annex 5

Date modified:

2010-07-05

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